msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: English (cnp3-ebook)\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-04-18 19:43+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: English \n" "Language: en\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 5.14.3\n" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:5 #, read-only msgid "Local Area Networks: The Spanning Tree Protocol and Virtual LANs" msgstr "Local Area Networks: The Spanning Tree Protocol and Virtual LANs" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:18 #, read-only msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Exercises" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:20 #, read-only msgid "" "Consider the switched network shown in Fig. 1. What is the spanning tree " "that will be computed by 802.1d in this network assuming that all links have " "a unit cost ? Indicate the state of each port." msgstr "" "Consider the switched network shown in Fig. 1. What is the spanning tree " "that will be computed by 802.1d in this network assuming that all links have " "a unit cost ? Indicate the state of each port." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:26 #, read-only msgid "Fig. 1. A small network composed of Ethernet switches" msgstr "Fig. 1. A small network composed of Ethernet switches" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:28 #, read-only msgid "" "Consider the switched network shown in Fig. 1. In this network, assume that " "the LAN between switches S3 and S12 fails. How should the switches update " "their port/address tables after the link failure ?" msgstr "" "Consider the switched network shown in Fig. 1. In this network, assume that " "the LAN between switches S3 and S12 fails. How should the switches update " "their port/address tables after the link failure ?" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:31 #, read-only msgid "" "Consider the switched network shown in the figure below. Compute the " "Spanning Tree of this network." msgstr "" "Consider the switched network shown in the figure below. Compute the " "Spanning Tree of this network." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:56 #, read-only msgid "" "Many enterprise networks are organized with a set of backbone devices " "interconnected by using a full mesh of links as shown in Fig.2. In this " "network, what are the benefits and drawbacks of using Ethernet switches and " "IP routers running OSPF ?" msgstr "" "Many enterprise networks are organized with a set of backbone devices " "interconnected by using a full mesh of links as shown in Fig.2. In this " "network, what are the benefits and drawbacks of using Ethernet switches and " "IP routers running OSPF ?" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:62 #, read-only msgid "Fig. 2. A typical enterprise backbone network" msgstr "Fig. 2. A typical enterprise backbone network" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:64 #, read-only msgid "" "In the network depicted in Fig. 3, the host `H0` performs a traceroute " "toward its peer `H1` (designated by its name) through a network composed of " "switches and routers. Explain precisely the frames, packets, and segments " "exchanged since the network was turned on. You may assign addresses if you " "need to." msgstr "" "In the network depicted in Fig. 3, the host `H0` performs a traceroute " "toward its peer `H1` (designated by its name) through a network composed of " "switches and routers. Explain precisely the frames, packets, and segments " "exchanged since the network was turned on. You may assign addresses if you " "need to." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:70 #, read-only msgid "" "Fig. 3. Host `H0` performs a traceroute towards its peer `H1` through a " "network composed of switches and routers" msgstr "" "Fig. 3. Host `H0` performs a traceroute towards its peer `H1` through a " "network composed of switches and routers" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:77 #, read-only msgid "" "In the network represented in Fig. 4, can the host `H0` communicate with `H1`" " and vice-versa? Explain. Add whatever you need in the network to allow them " "to communicate." msgstr "" "In the network represented in Fig. 4, can the host `H0` communicate with `H1`" " and vice-versa? Explain. Add whatever you need in the network to allow them " "to communicate." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:83 #, read-only msgid "Fig. 4. Can `H0` and `H1` communicate ?" msgstr "Fig. 4. Can `H0` and `H1` communicate ?" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:85 #, read-only msgid "" "Consider the network depicted in Fig. 5. Both of the hosts `H0` and `H1` " "have two interfaces: one connected to the switch `S0` and the other one to " "the switch `S1`. Will the link between `S0` and `S1` ever be used? If so, " "under which assumptions? Provide a comprehensive answer." msgstr "" "Consider the network depicted in Fig. 5. Both of the hosts `H0` and `H1` " "have two interfaces: one connected to the switch `S0` and the other one to " "the switch `S1`. Will the link between `S0` and `S1` ever be used? If so, " "under which assumptions? Provide a comprehensive answer." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:91 #, read-only msgid "Fig. 5. Will the link between `S0` and `S1` ever be used?" msgstr "Fig. 5. Will the link between `S0` and `S1` ever be used?" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:93 #, read-only msgid "" "Most commercial Ethernet switches are able to run the Spanning tree protocol " "independently on each VLAN. What are the benefits of using per-VLAN spanning " "trees ?" msgstr "" "Most commercial Ethernet switches are able to run the Spanning tree protocol " "independently on each VLAN. What are the benefits of using per-VLAN spanning " "trees ?" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:115 #, read-only msgid "Testing the Spanning Tree with IPMininet" msgstr "Testing the Spanning Tree with IPMininet" #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:117 #, read-only msgid "" "IPMininet_ can also be used to configure the Spanning Tree protocol on Linux " "hosts that act as Ethernet switches. Let us consider the simple Ethernet " "network shown in the figure below." msgstr "" "IPMininet_ can also be used to configure the Spanning Tree protocol on Linux " "hosts that act as Ethernet switches. Let us consider the simple Ethernet " "network shown in the figure below." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:140 #, read-only msgid "" "This network can be launched with the IPMininet_ script shown below. The " "entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/" "stp.py`." msgstr "" "This network can be launched with the IPMininet_ script shown below. The " "entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/" "stp.py`." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:193 #, read-only msgid "" "The ``addSwitch`` method creates an Ethernet switch. It assigns a random MAC " "address to each switch and we can configure it with a priority that is used " "in the high order bits of the switch identifier. We add one IP address to " "each switch so that we can connect to them on mininet_. In practice, " "IPMininet_ configures the :manpage:`brtcl(8)` software that implements the " "Spanning Tree protocol on Linux. We can then create the links, configure " "their cost if required and launch tcpdump_ to capture the Ethernet frames " "that contain the messages of the Spanning Tree protocol." msgstr "" "The ``addSwitch`` method creates an Ethernet switch. It assigns a random MAC " "address to each switch and we can configure it with a priority that is used " "in the high order bits of the switch identifier. We add one IP address to " "each switch so that we can connect to them on mininet_. In practice, " "IPMininet_ configures the :manpage:`brtcl(8)` software that implements the " "Spanning Tree protocol on Linux. We can then create the links, configure " "their cost if required and launch tcpdump_ to capture the Ethernet frames " "that contain the messages of the Spanning Tree protocol." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:195 #, read-only msgid "The network contains five nodes and six links." msgstr "The network contains five nodes and six links." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:211 #, read-only msgid "" "By using :manpage:`brtcl(8)`, we can easily observe the state of the " "Spanning Tree protocol on the different switches. Let us start with ``s3``, " "i.e. the root of the Spanning Tree." msgstr "" "By using :manpage:`brtcl(8)`, we can easily observe the state of the " "Spanning Tree protocol on the different switches. Let us start with ``s3``, " "i.e. the root of the Spanning Tree." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:246 #, read-only msgid "" "The first part of the output of the :manpage:`brctl(8)` command shows the " "state of the Spanning Tree software on the switch. The identifier of this " "switch is ``0003.f63545ab5f79`` and the root switch is itself. There is no " "root port on this switch since it is the root. The path cost is the cost of " "the path to reach the root switch, i.e. 0 on the root. Then the switch " "reports the different timers." msgstr "" "The first part of the output of the :manpage:`brctl(8)` command shows the " "state of the Spanning Tree software on the switch. The identifier of this " "switch is ``0003.f63545ab5f79`` and the root switch is itself. There is no " "root port on this switch since it is the root. The path cost is the cost of " "the path to reach the root switch, i.e. 0 on the root. Then the switch " "reports the different timers." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:248 #, read-only msgid "" "The second part of the output provides the state of each switch port. Port " "``s3-eth1`` is active and forwards data frames (state is set to `forwarding`)" ". This port is a `designated` port. The cost of ``1`` is the cost associated " "to this interface. The same information is found for port ``s3-eth2``." msgstr "" "The second part of the output provides the state of each switch port. Port " "``s3-eth1`` is active and forwards data frames (state is set to `forwarding`)" ". This port is a `designated` port. The cost of ``1`` is the cost associated " "to this interface. The same information is found for port ``s3-eth2``." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:250 #, read-only msgid "" "The state of switch ``s9`` is different. The output of :manpage:`brctl(8)` " "indicates that the root identifier is ``0003.f63545ab5f79`` which is at a " "distance of ``1`` from switch ``s9``. The root port on ``s9`` is port `1`, " "i.e. ``s9-eth1``. Two of the ports of this switch forward data packets, the " "root port and the ``s9-eth3`` which is a designated port. The ``s9-eth2`` " "port is a blocked port." msgstr "" "The state of switch ``s9`` is different. The output of :manpage:`brctl(8)` " "indicates that the root identifier is ``0003.f63545ab5f79`` which is at a " "distance of ``1`` from switch ``s9``. The root port on ``s9`` is port `1`, " "i.e. ``s9-eth1``. Two of the ports of this switch forward data packets, the " "root port and the ``s9-eth3`` which is a designated port. The ``s9-eth2`` " "port is a blocked port." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:293 #, read-only msgid "" ":manpage:`brctl(8)` also maintains a MAC address table that contains the " "Ethernet addresses that have been learned on each switch port." msgstr "" ":manpage:`brctl(8)` also maintains a MAC address table that contains the " "Ethernet addresses that have been learned on each switch port." #: ../../exercises/lan.rst:310 #, read-only msgid "" "Thanks to the traces collected by tcpdump_, we can easily analyze the " "messages exchanged by the switches. Here is the fist message sent by switch " "``s3``." msgstr "" "Thanks to the traces collected by tcpdump_, we can easily analyze the " "messages exchanged by the switches. Here is the fist message sent by switch " "``s3``."