msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: English (cnp3-ebook)\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-04-18 21:32+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: English \n" "Language: en\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 5.14.3\n" #: ../../glossary.rst:8 #, read-only msgid "Glossary" msgstr "Glossary" #: ../../glossary.rst:308 #, read-only msgid "address" msgstr "address" #: ../../glossary.rst:310 #, read-only msgid "" "A string of bits that identifies a network interface in the network layer or " "the datalink layer. Most addresses have a fixed length, e.g. 32 bits for " ":term:`IPv4`, 128 bits for :term:`IPv6` or 48 bits for :term:`Ethernet` and " "other related Local Area Networks." msgstr "" "A string of bits that identifies a network interface in the network layer or " "the datalink layer. Most addresses have a fixed length, e.g. 32 bits for " ":term:`IPv4`, 128 bits for :term:`IPv6` or 48 bits for :term:`Ethernet` and " "other related Local Area Networks." #: ../../glossary.rst:180 #, read-only msgid "AIMD" msgstr "AIMD" #: ../../glossary.rst:182 #, read-only msgid "" "Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm used " "notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission rate when " "the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases when congested " "is detected." msgstr "" "Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm used " "notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission rate when " "the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases when congested " "is detected." #: ../../glossary.rst:15 #, read-only msgid "anycast" msgstr "anycast" #: ../../glossary.rst:17 #, read-only msgid "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to `one` " "receiver that belongs to a specified group" msgstr "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to `one` " "receiver that belongs to a specified group" #: ../../glossary.rst:114 #, read-only msgid "API" msgstr "API" #: ../../glossary.rst:116 #, read-only msgid "Application Programming Interface" msgstr "Application Programming Interface" #: ../../glossary.rst:256 #, read-only msgid "ARP" msgstr "ARP" #: ../../glossary.rst:258 #, read-only msgid "" "The Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol used by IPv4 devices to obtain " "the datalink layer address that corresponds to an IPv4 address on the local " "area network. ARP is defined in :rfc:`826`" msgstr "" "The Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol used by IPv4 devices to obtain " "the datalink layer address that corresponds to an IPv4 address on the local " "area network. ARP is defined in :rfc:`826`" #: ../../glossary.rst:48 #, read-only msgid "ARPANET" msgstr "ARPANET" #: ../../glossary.rst:50 #, read-only msgid "" "The Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Network is a network that was " "built by network scientists in USA with funding from the ARPA of the US " "Ministry of Defense. ARPANET is considered as the grandfather of today's " "Internet." msgstr "" "The Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Network is a network that was " "built by network scientists in USA with funding from the ARPA of the US " "Ministry of Defense. ARPANET is considered as the grandfather of today's " "Internet." #: ../../glossary.rst:12 #, read-only msgid "ASCII" msgstr "ASCII" #: ../../glossary.rst:14 #, read-only msgid "" "The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a " "character-encoding scheme that defines a binary representation for " "characters. The ASCII table contains both printable characters and control " "characters. ASCII characters were encoded in 7 bits and only contained the " "characters required to write text in English. Other character sets such as " "Unicode have been developed later to support all written languages." msgstr "" "The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a " "character-encoding scheme that defines a binary representation for " "characters. The ASCII table contains both printable characters and control " "characters. ASCII characters were encoded in 7 bits and only contained the " "characters required to write text in English. Other character sets such as " "Unicode have been developed later to support all written languages." #: ../../glossary.rst:96 #, read-only msgid "ASN.1" msgstr "ASN.1" #: ../../glossary.rst:98 #, read-only msgid "" "The Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) was designed by ISO and ITU-T. It " "is a standard and flexible notation that can be used to describe data " "structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data " "between applications. It was designed to be used in the Presentation layer " "of the OSI reference model but is now used in other protocols such as " ":term:`SNMP`." msgstr "" "The Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) was designed by ISO and ITU-T. It " "is a standard and flexible notation that can be used to describe data " "structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data " "between applications. It was designed to be used in the Presentation layer " "of the OSI reference model but is now used in other protocols such as " ":term:`SNMP`." #: ../../glossary.rst:214 #, read-only msgid "ATM" msgstr "ATM" #: ../../glossary.rst:216 #, read-only msgid "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" msgstr "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" #: ../../glossary.rst:153 #, read-only msgid "BGP" msgstr "BGP" #: ../../glossary.rst:155 #, read-only msgid "" "The Border Gateway Protocol is the interdomain routing protocol used in the " "global Internet." msgstr "" "The Border Gateway Protocol is the interdomain routing protocol used in the " "global Internet." #: ../../glossary.rst:223 #, read-only msgid "BNF" msgstr "BNF" #: ../../glossary.rst:225 #, read-only msgid "" "A Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a formal way to describe a language by using " "syntactic and lexical rules. BNFs are frequently used to define programming " "languages, but also to define the messages exchanged between networked " "applications. :rfc:`5234` explains how a BNF must be written to specify an " "Internet protocol." msgstr "" "A Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a formal way to describe a language by using " "syntactic and lexical rules. BNFs are frequently used to define programming " "languages, but also to define the messages exchanged between networked " "applications. :rfc:`5234` explains how a BNF must be written to specify an " "Internet protocol." #: ../../glossary.rst:24 #, read-only msgid "broadcast" msgstr "broadcast" #: ../../glossary.rst:26 #, read-only msgid "" "a transmission mode where is same information is sent to all nodes in the " "network" msgstr "" "a transmission mode where is same information is sent to all nodes in the " "network" #: ../../glossary.rst:126 #, read-only msgid "CIDR" msgstr "CIDR" #: ../../glossary.rst:128 #, read-only msgid "" "Classless Inter Domain Routing is the current address allocation " "architecture for IP version 4. It was defined in :rfc:`1518` and :rfc:`4632`." msgstr "" "Classless Inter Domain Routing is the current address allocation " "architecture for IP version 4. It was defined in :rfc:`1518` and :rfc:`4632`." #: ../../glossary.rst:268 #, read-only msgid "dial-up line" msgstr "dial-up line" #: ../../glossary.rst:270 #, read-only msgid "" "A synonym for a regular telephone line, i.e. a line that can be used to dial " "any telephone number." msgstr "" "A synonym for a regular telephone line, i.e. a line that can be used to dial " "any telephone number." #: ../../glossary.rst:220 #, read-only msgid "DNS" msgstr "DNS" #: ../../glossary.rst:222 #, read-only msgid "" "The Domain Name System is a distributed database that can be queried by " "hosts to map names onto IP addresses. It is defined in :rfc:`1035`" msgstr "" "The Domain Name System is a distributed database that can be queried by " "hosts to map names onto IP addresses. It is defined in :rfc:`1035`" #: ../../glossary.rst:168 #, read-only msgid "eBGP" msgstr "eBGP" #: ../../glossary.rst:170 #, read-only msgid "" "An eBGP session is a BGP session between two directly connected routers that " "belong to two different Autonomous Systems. Also called an external BGP " "session." msgstr "" "An eBGP session is a BGP session between two directly connected routers that " "belong to two different Autonomous Systems. Also called an external BGP " "session." #: ../../glossary.rst:147 #, read-only msgid "EGP" msgstr "EGP" #: ../../glossary.rst:149 #, read-only msgid "Exterior Gateway Protocol. Synonym of interdomain routing protocol" msgstr "Exterior Gateway Protocol. Synonym of interdomain routing protocol" #: ../../glossary.rst:156 #, read-only msgid "EIGRP" msgstr "EIGRP" #: ../../glossary.rst:158 #, read-only msgid "" "The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a proprietary " "intradomain routing protocol that is often used in enterprise networks. " "EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm described in [Garcia1993]_." msgstr "" "The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a proprietary " "intradomain routing protocol that is often used in enterprise networks. " "EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm described in [Garcia1993]_." #: ../../glossary.rst:311 #, read-only msgid "Ethernet" msgstr "Ethernet" #: ../../glossary.rst:313 #, read-only msgid "The most widely used LAN technology." msgstr "The most widely used LAN technology." #: ../../glossary.rst:305 #, read-only msgid "file transfer" msgstr "file transfer" #: ../../glossary.rst:307 #, read-only msgid "" "A service that enables a user to send or receive a file from a distant " "server over the network. The File Transfer Protocol :term:`FTP` was a " "popular service. It has now been replaced by HTTP/HTTPs or more secure " "protocols such as the `SSH File Transfer Protocol `_." msgstr "" "A service that enables a user to send or receive a file from a distant " "server over the network. The File Transfer Protocol :term:`FTP` was a " "popular service. It has now been replaced by HTTP/HTTPs or more secure " "protocols such as the `SSH File Transfer Protocol `_." #: ../../glossary.rst:60 #, read-only msgid "frame" msgstr "frame" #: ../../glossary.rst:62 #, read-only msgid "a frame is the unit of information transfer in the datalink layer" msgstr "a frame is the unit of information transfer in the datalink layer" #: ../../glossary.rst:217 #, read-only msgid "Frame-Relay" msgstr "Frame-Relay" #: ../../glossary.rst:219 #, read-only msgid "" "A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that is deployed by " "telecom operators." msgstr "" "A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that is deployed by " "telecom operators." #: ../../glossary.rst:99 #, read-only msgid "ftp" msgstr "ftp" #: ../../glossary.rst:101 #, read-only msgid "" "The File Transfer Protocol defined in :rfc:`959` has been the `de facto` " "protocol to exchange files over the Internet before the widespread adoption " "of HTTP :rfc:`2616`." msgstr "" "The File Transfer Protocol defined in :rfc:`959` has been the `de facto` " "protocol to exchange files over the Internet before the widespread adoption " "of HTTP :rfc:`2616`." #: ../../glossary.rst:190 #, read-only msgid "FTP" msgstr "FTP" #: ../../glossary.rst:192 #, read-only msgid "The File Transfer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`959`" msgstr "The File Transfer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`959`" #: ../../glossary.rst:299 #, read-only msgid "hosts.txt" msgstr "hosts.txt" #: ../../glossary.rst:301 #, read-only msgid "" "The original file containing the list of all Internet hosts. This file has " "been deprecated, but Unix variants still maintain a local ``/etc/hosts`` " "containing mappings between names and IP addresses. See http://man7.org/" "linux/man-pages/man5/hosts.5.html for a description of the format of this " "file on Linux." msgstr "" "The original file containing the list of all Internet hosts. This file has " "been deprecated, but Unix variants still maintain a local ``/etc/hosts`` " "containing mappings between names and IP addresses. See http://man7.org/" "linux/man-pages/man5/hosts.5.html for a description of the format of this " "file on Linux." #: ../../glossary.rst:250 #, read-only msgid "HTML" msgstr "HTML" #: ../../glossary.rst:252 #, read-only msgid "" "The HyperText Markup Language specifies the structure and the syntax of the " "documents that are exchanged on the world wide web. HTML is maintained by " "the `HTML working group `_ of the :term:`W3C`" msgstr "" "The HyperText Markup Language specifies the structure and the syntax of the " "documents that are exchanged on the world wide web. HTML is maintained by " "the `HTML working group `_ of the :term:`W3C`" #: ../../glossary.rst:183 #, read-only msgid "HTTP" msgstr "HTTP" #: ../../glossary.rst:185 #, read-only msgid "The HyperText Transport Protocol is defined in :rfc:`2616`" msgstr "The HyperText Transport Protocol is defined in :rfc:`2616`" #: ../../glossary.rst:177 #, read-only msgid "hub" msgstr "hub" #: ../../glossary.rst:179 #, read-only msgid "A relay operating in the physical layer." msgstr "A relay operating in the physical layer." #: ../../glossary.rst:129 #, read-only msgid "IANA" msgstr "IANA" #: ../../glossary.rst:131 #, read-only msgid "" "The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for the " "coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol " "resources" msgstr "" "The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for the " "coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol " "resources" #: ../../glossary.rst:165 #, read-only msgid "iBGP" msgstr "iBGP" #: ../../glossary.rst:167 #, read-only msgid "" "An iBGP session is a BGP between two routers belonging to the same " "Autonomous System. Also called an internal BGP session." msgstr "" "An iBGP session is a BGP between two routers belonging to the same " "Autonomous System. Also called an internal BGP session." #: ../../glossary.rst:229 #, read-only msgid "ICANN" msgstr "ICANN" #: ../../glossary.rst:231 #, read-only msgid "" "The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) coordinates " "the allocation of domain names, IP addresses and AS numbers as well protocol " "parameters. It also coordinates the operation and the evolution of the DNS " "root name servers." msgstr "" "The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) coordinates " "the allocation of domain names, IP addresses and AS numbers as well protocol " "parameters. It also coordinates the operation and the evolution of the DNS " "root name servers." #: ../../glossary.rst:42 #, read-only msgid "IETF" msgstr "IETF" #: ../../glossary.rst:44 #, read-only msgid "" "The Internet Engineering Task Force is a non-profit organization that " "develops the standards for the protocols used in the Internet. The IETF " "mainly covers the transport and network layers. Several application layer " "protocols are also standardized within the IETF. The work in the IETF is " "organized in working groups. Most of the work is performed by exchanging " "emails and there are three IETF meetings every year. Participation is open " "to anyone. See https://www.ietf.org" msgstr "" "The Internet Engineering Task Force is a non-profit organization that " "develops the standards for the protocols used in the Internet. The IETF " "mainly covers the transport and network layers. Several application layer " "protocols are also standardized within the IETF. The work in the IETF is " "organized in working groups. Most of the work is performed by exchanging " "emails and there are three IETF meetings every year. Participation is open " "to anyone. See https://www.ietf.org" #: ../../glossary.rst:144 #, read-only msgid "IGP" msgstr "IGP" #: ../../glossary.rst:146 #, read-only msgid "Interior Gateway Protocol. Synonym of intradomain routing protocol" msgstr "Interior Gateway Protocol. Synonym of intradomain routing protocol" #: ../../glossary.rst:159 #, read-only msgid "IGRP" msgstr "IGRP" #: ../../glossary.rst:161 #, read-only msgid "" "The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a proprietary intradomain " "routing protocol that uses distance vector. IGRP supports multiple metrics " "for each route but has been replaced by :term:`EIGRP`" msgstr "" "The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a proprietary intradomain " "routing protocol that uses distance vector. IGRP supports multiple metrics " "for each route but has been replaced by :term:`EIGRP`" #: ../../glossary.rst:247 #, read-only msgid "IMAP" msgstr "IMAP" #: ../../glossary.rst:249 #, read-only msgid "" "The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), defined in :rfc:`3501`, is an " "application-level protocol that allows a client to access and manipulate the " "emails stored on a server. With IMAP, the email messages remain on the " "server and are not downloaded on the client." msgstr "" "The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), defined in :rfc:`3501`, is an " "application-level protocol that allows a client to access and manipulate the " "emails stored on a server. With IMAP, the email messages remain on the " "server and are not downloaded on the client." #: ../../glossary.rst:66 #, read-only msgid "Internet" msgstr "Internet" #: ../../glossary.rst:68 #, read-only msgid "" "a public internet, i.e. a network composed of different networks that are " "running :term:`IPv4` or :term:`IPv6`" msgstr "" "a public internet, i.e. a network composed of different networks that are " "running :term:`IPv4` or :term:`IPv6`" #: ../../glossary.rst:69 #, read-only msgid "internet" msgstr "internet" #: ../../glossary.rst:71 #, read-only msgid "" "an internet is an internetwork, i.e. a network composed of different " "networks. The :term:`Internet`, with a capital `I` corresponds to the global " "network that we use today, but other internetworks have been used in the " "path." msgstr "" "an internet is an internetwork, i.e. a network composed of different " "networks. The :term:`Internet`, with a capital `I` corresponds to the global " "network that we use today, but other internetworks have been used in the " "path." #: ../../glossary.rst:290 #, read-only msgid "inverse query" msgstr "inverse query" #: ../../glossary.rst:292 #, read-only msgid "" "For DNS servers and resolvers, an inverse query is a query for the domain " "name that corresponds to a given IP address." msgstr "" "For DNS servers and resolvers, an inverse query is a query for the domain " "name that corresponds to a given IP address." #: ../../glossary.rst:72 #, read-only msgid "IP" msgstr "IP" #: ../../glossary.rst:74 #, read-only msgid "" "Internet Protocol is the generic term for the network layer protocol in the " "TCP/IP protocol suite. IP version 4 is widely used but IP version 6 is being " "deployed globally." msgstr "" "Internet Protocol is the generic term for the network layer protocol in the " "TCP/IP protocol suite. IP version 4 is widely used but IP version 6 is being " "deployed globally." #: ../../glossary.rst:75 #, read-only msgid "IPv4" msgstr "IPv4" #: ../../glossary.rst:77 #, read-only msgid "" "is the version 4 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network layer " "protocol used in most of the Internet today. IPv4 addresses are encoded as a " "32 bits field." msgstr "" "is the version 4 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network layer " "protocol used in most of the Internet today. IPv4 addresses are encoded as a " "32 bits field." #: ../../glossary.rst:78 #, read-only msgid "IPv6" msgstr "IPv6" #: ../../glossary.rst:80 #, read-only msgid "" "is the version 6 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network layer " "protocol which is intended to replace IPv4. IP version 6 addresses are " "encoded as a 128 bits field." msgstr "" "is the version 6 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network layer " "protocol which is intended to replace IPv4. IP version 6 addresses are " "encoded as a 128 bits field." #: ../../glossary.rst:141 #, read-only msgid "IS-IS" msgstr "IS-IS" #: ../../glossary.rst:143 #, read-only msgid "" "Intermediate System- Intermediate System. A link-state intradomain routing " "that was initially defined for the ISO CLNP protocol but was extended to " "support IP v4 and IP v6. IS-IS is often used in ISP networks. It is defined " "in [ISO10589]_" msgstr "" "Intermediate System- Intermediate System. A link-state intradomain routing " "that was initially defined for the ISO CLNP protocol but was extended to " "support IP v4 and IP v6. IS-IS is often used in ISP networks. It is defined " "in [ISO10589]_" #: ../../glossary.rst:102 #, read-only msgid "ISN" msgstr "ISN" #: ../../glossary.rst:104 #, read-only msgid "" "The Initial Sequence Number of a TCP connection is the sequence number " "chosen by the client ( resp. server) that is placed in the `SYN` " "(resp. `SYN+ACK`) segment during the establishment of the TCP connection." msgstr "" "The Initial Sequence Number of a TCP connection is the sequence number " "chosen by the client ( resp. server) that is placed in the `SYN` " "(resp. `SYN+ACK`) segment during the establishment of the TCP connection." #: ../../glossary.rst:36 #, read-only msgid "ISO" msgstr "ISO" #: ../../glossary.rst:38 #, read-only msgid "" "The International Standardization Organization is an agency of the United " "Nations that is based in Geneva and develop standards on various topics. " "Within ISO, country representatives vote to approve or reject standards. " "Most of the work on the development of ISO standards is done in expert " "working groups. Additional information about ISO may be obtained from " "https://www.iso.org" msgstr "" "The International Standardization Organization is an agency of the United " "Nations that is based in Geneva and develop standards on various topics. " "Within ISO, country representatives vote to approve or reject standards. " "Most of the work on the development of ISO standards is done in expert " "working groups. Additional information about ISO may be obtained from " "https://www.iso.org" #: ../../glossary.rst:274 #, read-only msgid "ISO-3166" msgstr "ISO-3166" #: ../../glossary.rst:276 #, read-only msgid "" "An :term:`ISO` standard that defines codes to represent countries and their " "subdivisions. See http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm" msgstr "" "An :term:`ISO` standard that defines codes to represent countries and their " "subdivisions. See http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm" #: ../../glossary.rst:281 #, read-only msgid "ISP" msgstr "ISP" #: ../../glossary.rst:283 #, read-only msgid "" "An Internet Service Provider, i.e. a network that provides Internet access " "to its clients." msgstr "" "An Internet Service Provider, i.e. a network that provides Internet access " "to its clients." #: ../../glossary.rst:39 #, read-only msgid "ITU" msgstr "ITU" #: ../../glossary.rst:41 #, read-only msgid "" "The International Telecommunication Union is a United Nation's agency whose " "purpose is to develop standards for the telecommunication industry. It was " "initially created to standardize the basic telephone system but expanded " "later towards data networks. The work within ITU is mainly done by network " "specialists from the telecommunication industry (operators and vendors). See " "https://www.itu.int for more information" msgstr "" "The International Telecommunication Union is a United Nation's agency whose " "purpose is to develop standards for the telecommunication industry. It was " "initially created to standardize the basic telephone system but expanded " "later towards data networks. The work within ITU is mainly done by network " "specialists from the telecommunication industry (operators and vendors). See " "https://www.itu.int for more information" #: ../../glossary.rst:150 #, read-only msgid "IXP" msgstr "IXP" #: ../../glossary.rst:152 #, read-only msgid "" "Internet eXchange Point. A location where routers belonging to different " "domains are attached to the same Local Area Network to establish peering " "sessions and exchange packets. See http://www.euro-ix.net/ or https://" "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_points_by_size for a partial " "list of IXPs." msgstr "" "Internet eXchange Point. A location where routers belonging to different " "domains are attached to the same Local Area Network to establish peering " "sessions and exchange packets. See http://www.euro-ix.net/ or https://" "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_points_by_size for a partial " "list of IXPs." #: ../../glossary.rst:27 #, read-only msgid "LAN" msgstr "LAN" #: ../../glossary.rst:29 #, read-only msgid "Local Area Network" msgstr "Local Area Network" #: ../../glossary.rst:271 #, read-only msgid "leased line" msgstr "leased line" #: ../../glossary.rst:273 #, read-only msgid "A telephone line that is permanently available between two endpoints." msgstr "A telephone line that is permanently available between two endpoints." #: ../../glossary.rst:30 #, read-only msgid "MAN" msgstr "MAN" #: ../../glossary.rst:32 #, read-only msgid "Metropolitan Area Network" msgstr "Metropolitan Area Network" #: ../../glossary.rst:241 #, read-only msgid "MIME" msgstr "MIME" #: ../../glossary.rst:243 #, read-only msgid "" "The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) defined in :rfc:`2045` are " "a set of extensions to the format of email messages that allow to use non-" "ASCII characters inside mail messages. A MIME message can be composed of " "several different parts each having a different format." msgstr "" "The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) defined in :rfc:`2045` are " "a set of extensions to the format of email messages that allow to use non-" "ASCII characters inside mail messages. A MIME message can be composed of " "several different parts each having a different format." #: ../../glossary.rst:262 #, read-only msgid "MIME document" msgstr "MIME document" #: ../../glossary.rst:264 #, read-only msgid "" "A MIME document is a document, encoded by using the :term:`MIME` format." msgstr "" "A MIME document is a document, encoded by using the :term:`MIME` format." #: ../../glossary.rst:259 #, read-only msgid "minicomputer" msgstr "minicomputer" #: ../../glossary.rst:261 #, read-only msgid "" "A minicomputer is a multi-user system that was typically used in the 1960s/" "1970s to serve departments. See the corresponding Wikipedia article for " "additional information : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" msgstr "" "A minicomputer is a multi-user system that was typically used in the 1960s/" "1970s to serve departments. See the corresponding Wikipedia article for " "additional information : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" #: ../../glossary.rst:265 #, read-only msgid "modem" msgstr "modem" #: ../../glossary.rst:267 #, read-only msgid "" "A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that encodes (resp. decodes) " "digital information by modulating (resp. demodulating) an analog signal. " "Modems are frequently used to transmit digital information over telephone " "lines and radio links. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem for a survey " "of various types of modems" msgstr "" "A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that encodes (resp. decodes) " "digital information by modulating (resp. demodulating) an analog signal. " "Modems are frequently used to transmit digital information over telephone " "lines and radio links. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem for a survey " "of various types of modems" #: ../../glossary.rst:120 #, read-only msgid "MSS" msgstr "MSS" #: ../../glossary.rst:122 #, read-only msgid "" "A TCP option used by a TCP entity in SYN segments to indicate the Maximum " "Segment Size that it is able to receive." msgstr "" "A TCP option used by a TCP entity in SYN segments to indicate the Maximum " "Segment Size that it is able to receive." #: ../../glossary.rst:21 #, read-only msgid "multicast" msgstr "multicast" #: ../../glossary.rst:23 #, read-only msgid "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent efficiently to `all` the " "receivers that belong to a given group" msgstr "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent efficiently to `all` the " "receivers that belong to a given group" #: ../../glossary.rst:238 #, read-only msgid "nameserver" msgstr "nameserver" #: ../../glossary.rst:240 #, read-only msgid "" "A server that implements the DNS protocol and can answer queries for names " "inside its own domain." msgstr "" "A server that implements the DNS protocol and can answer queries for names " "inside its own domain." #: ../../glossary.rst:162 #, read-only msgid "NAT" msgstr "NAT" #: ../../glossary.rst:164 #, read-only msgid "A Network Address Translator is a middlebox that translates IP packets." msgstr "A Network Address Translator is a middlebox that translates IP packets." #: ../../glossary.rst:296 #, read-only msgid "NBMA" msgstr "NBMA" #: ../../glossary.rst:298 #, read-only msgid "" "A Non Broadcast Mode Multiple Access Network is a subnetwork that supports " "multiple hosts/routers but does not provide an efficient way of sending " "broadcast frames to all devices attached to the subnetwork. ATM subnetworks " "are an example of NBMA networks." msgstr "" "A Non Broadcast Mode Multiple Access Network is a subnetwork that supports " "multiple hosts/routers but does not provide an efficient way of sending " "broadcast frames to all devices attached to the subnetwork. ATM subnetworks " "are an example of NBMA networks." #: ../../glossary.rst:284 #, read-only msgid "network-byte order" msgstr "network-byte order" #: ../../glossary.rst:286 #, read-only msgid "" "Internet protocol allow to transport sequences of bytes. These sequences of " "bytes are sufficient to carry ASCII characters. The network-byte order " "refers to the Big-Endian encoding for 16 and 32 bits integer. See https://" "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" msgstr "" "Internet protocol allow to transport sequences of bytes. These sequences of " "bytes are sufficient to carry ASCII characters. The network-byte order " "refers to the Big-Endian encoding for 16 and 32 bits integer. See https://" "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" #: ../../glossary.rst:205 #, read-only msgid "NFS" msgstr "NFS" #: ../../glossary.rst:207 #, read-only msgid "The Network File System is defined in :rfc:`1094`" msgstr "The Network File System is defined in :rfc:`1094`" #: ../../glossary.rst:208 #, read-only msgid "NTP" msgstr "NTP" #: ../../glossary.rst:210 #, read-only msgid "The Network Time Protocol is defined in :rfc:`1305`" msgstr "The Network Time Protocol is defined in :rfc:`1305`" #: ../../glossary.rst:90 #, read-only msgid "OSI" msgstr "OSI" #: ../../glossary.rst:92 #, read-only msgid "" "Open Systems Interconnection. A set of networking standards developed by " ":term:`ISO` including the 7 layers OSI reference model." msgstr "" "Open Systems Interconnection. A set of networking standards developed by " ":term:`ISO` including the 7 layers OSI reference model." #: ../../glossary.rst:138 #, read-only msgid "OSPF" msgstr "OSPF" #: ../../glossary.rst:140 #, read-only msgid "" "Open Shortest Path First. A link-state intradomain routing protocol that is " "often used in enterprise and ISP networks. OSPF is defined in and :rfc:`2328`" " and :rfc:`5340`" msgstr "" "Open Shortest Path First. A link-state intradomain routing protocol that is " "often used in enterprise and ISP networks. OSPF is defined in and :rfc:`2328`" " and :rfc:`5340`" #: ../../glossary.rst:54 #, read-only msgid "packet" msgstr "packet" #: ../../glossary.rst:56 #, read-only msgid "a packet is the unit of information transfer in the network layer" msgstr "a packet is the unit of information transfer in the network layer" #: ../../glossary.rst:51 #, read-only msgid "PBL" msgstr "PBL" #: ../../glossary.rst:53 #, read-only msgid "Problem-based learning is a teaching approach that relies on problems." msgstr "Problem-based learning is a teaching approach that relies on problems." #: ../../glossary.rst:244 #, read-only msgid "POP" msgstr "POP" #: ../../glossary.rst:246 #, read-only msgid "" "The Post Office Protocol (POP), defined :rfc:`1939`, is an application-level " "protocol that allows a client to download email messages stored on a server." msgstr "" "The Post Office Protocol (POP), defined :rfc:`1939`, is an application-level " "protocol that allows a client to download email messages stored on a server." #: ../../glossary.rst:302 #, read-only msgid "remote login" msgstr "remote login" #: ../../glossary.rst:304 #, read-only msgid "" "A service that enables a user to connect to a distant server over the " "network. Telnet, defined in :rfc:`854` and the BSD rlogin services defined " "in :rfc:`1282` were popular in the past. They have been deprecated for " "security reasons and are now replaced by :term:`ssh`." msgstr "" "A service that enables a user to connect to a distant server over the " "network. Telnet, defined in :rfc:`854` and the BSD rlogin services defined " "in :rfc:`1282` were popular in the past. They have been deprecated for " "security reasons and are now replaced by :term:`ssh`." #: ../../glossary.rst:235 #, read-only msgid "resolver" msgstr "resolver" #: ../../glossary.rst:237 #, read-only msgid "" "A server that implements the DNS protocol and can resolve queries. A " "resolver usually serves a set of clients " "(e.g. all hosts in campus or all clients of a given ISP). It sends DNS " "queries to nameservers everywhere on behalf of its clients and stores the " "received answers in its cache. A resolver must know the IP addresses of the " "root nameservers." msgstr "" "A server that implements the DNS protocol and can resolve queries. A " "resolver usually serves a set of clients " "(e.g. all hosts in campus or all clients of a given ISP). It sends DNS " "queries to nameservers everywhere on behalf of its clients and stores the " "received answers in its cache. A resolver must know the IP addresses of the " "root nameservers." #: ../../glossary.rst:135 #, read-only msgid "RIP" msgstr "RIP" #: ../../glossary.rst:137 #, read-only msgid "" "Routing Information Protocol. An intradomain routing protocol based on " "distance vectors that is sometimes used in enterprise networks. RIP is " "defined in :rfc:`2453`." msgstr "" "Routing Information Protocol. An intradomain routing protocol based on " "distance vectors that is sometimes used in enterprise networks. RIP is " "defined in :rfc:`2453`." #: ../../glossary.rst:132 #, read-only msgid "RIR" msgstr "RIR" #: ../../glossary.rst:134 #, read-only msgid "" "Regional Internet Registry. An organization that manages IP addresses and AS " "numbers on behalf of :term:`IANA`." msgstr "" "Regional Internet Registry. An organization that manages IP addresses and AS " "numbers on behalf of :term:`IANA`." #: ../../glossary.rst:232 #, read-only msgid "root nameserver" msgstr "root nameserver" #: ../../glossary.rst:234 #, read-only msgid "" "A name server that is responsible for the root of the domain names " "hierarchy. There are currently a dozen root nameservers and each DNS " "resolver See http://www.root-servers.org/ for more information about the " "operation of these root servers." msgstr "" "A name server that is responsible for the root of the domain names " "hierarchy. There are currently a dozen root nameservers and each DNS " "resolver See http://www.root-servers.org/ for more information about the " "operation of these root servers." #: ../../glossary.rst:123 #, read-only msgid "round-trip-time" msgstr "round-trip-time" #: ../../glossary.rst:125 #, read-only msgid "" "The round-trip-time (RTT) is the delay between the transmission of a segment " "and the reception of the corresponding acknowledgment in a transport " "protocol." msgstr "" "The round-trip-time (RTT) is the delay between the transmission of a segment " "and the reception of the corresponding acknowledgment in a transport " "protocol." #: ../../glossary.rst:171 #, read-only msgid "router" msgstr "router" #: ../../glossary.rst:173 #, read-only msgid "A relay operating in the network layer." msgstr "A relay operating in the network layer." #: ../../glossary.rst:202 #, read-only msgid "RPC" msgstr "RPC" #: ../../glossary.rst:204 #, read-only msgid "" "Several types of remote procedure calls have been defined. The RPC mechanism " "defined in :rfc:`5531` is used by applications such as NFS" msgstr "" "Several types of remote procedure calls have been defined. The RPC mechanism " "defined in :rfc:`5531` is used by applications such as NFS" #: ../../glossary.rst:63 #, read-only msgid "SDU (Service Data Unit)" msgstr "SDU (Service Data Unit)" #: ../../glossary.rst:65 #, read-only msgid "" "a Service Data Unit is the unit information transferred between applications" msgstr "" "a Service Data Unit is the unit information transferred between applications" #: ../../glossary.rst:57 #, read-only msgid "segment" msgstr "segment" #: ../../glossary.rst:59 #, read-only msgid "a segment is the unit of information transfer in the transport layer" msgstr "a segment is the unit of information transfer in the transport layer" #: ../../glossary.rst:186 #, read-only msgid "SMTP" msgstr "SMTP" #: ../../glossary.rst:188 #, read-only msgid "The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`821`" msgstr "The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`821`" #: ../../glossary.rst:93 #, read-only msgid "SNMP" msgstr "SNMP" #: ../../glossary.rst:95 #, read-only msgid "" "The Simple Network Management Protocol is a management protocol defined for " "TCP/IP networks." msgstr "" "The Simple Network Management Protocol is a management protocol defined for " "TCP/IP networks." #: ../../glossary.rst:117 #, read-only msgid "socket" msgstr "socket" #: ../../glossary.rst:119 #, read-only msgid "" "A low-level API originally defined on Berkeley Unix to allow programmers to " "develop clients and servers." msgstr "" "A low-level API originally defined on Berkeley Unix to allow programmers to " "develop clients and servers." #: ../../glossary.rst:105 #, read-only msgid "spoofed packet" msgstr "spoofed packet" #: ../../glossary.rst:107 #, read-only msgid "" "A packet is said to be spoofed when the sender of the packet has used as " "source address a different address than its own." msgstr "" "A packet is said to be spoofed when the sender of the packet has used as " "source address a different address than its own." #: ../../glossary.rst:193 #, read-only msgid "ssh" msgstr "ssh" #: ../../glossary.rst:195 #, read-only msgid "" "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`4253`" msgstr "" "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`4253`" #: ../../glossary.rst:287 #, read-only msgid "standard query" msgstr "standard query" #: ../../glossary.rst:289 #, read-only msgid "" "For DNS servers and resolvers, a standard query is a query for a `A` or a " "`AAAA` record. Such a query typically returns an IP address." msgstr "" "For DNS servers and resolvers, a standard query is a query for a `A` or a " "`AAAA` record. Such a query typically returns an IP address." #: ../../glossary.rst:174 #, read-only msgid "switch" msgstr "switch" #: ../../glossary.rst:176 #, read-only msgid "A relay operating in the datalink layer." msgstr "A relay operating in the datalink layer." #: ../../glossary.rst:108 #, read-only msgid "SYN cookie" msgstr "SYN cookie" #: ../../glossary.rst:110 #, read-only msgid "" "The SYN cookies is a technique used to compute the initial sequence number " "(ISN)" msgstr "" "The SYN cookies is a technique used to compute the initial sequence number " "(ISN)" #: ../../glossary.rst:111 #, read-only msgid "TCB" msgstr "TCB" #: ../../glossary.rst:113 #, read-only msgid "" "The Transmission Control Block is the set of variables that are maintained " "for each established TCP connection by a TCP implementation." msgstr "" "The Transmission Control Block is the set of variables that are maintained " "for each established TCP connection by a TCP implementation." #: ../../glossary.rst:84 #, read-only msgid "TCP" msgstr "TCP" #: ../../glossary.rst:86 #, read-only msgid "" "The Transmission Control Protocol is a protocol of the transport layer in " "the TCP/IP protocol suite that provides a reliable bytestream connection-" "oriented service on top of IP" msgstr "" "The Transmission Control Protocol is a protocol of the transport layer in " "the TCP/IP protocol suite that provides a reliable bytestream connection-" "oriented service on top of IP" #: ../../glossary.rst:81 #, read-only msgid "TCP/IP" msgstr "TCP/IP" #: ../../glossary.rst:83 #, read-only msgid "refers to the :term:`TCP` and :term:`IP` protocols" msgstr "refers to the :term:`TCP` and :term:`IP` protocols" #: ../../glossary.rst:196 #, read-only msgid "telnet" msgstr "telnet" #: ../../glossary.rst:198 #, read-only msgid "The telnet protocol is defined in :rfc:`854`" msgstr "The telnet protocol is defined in :rfc:`854`" #: ../../glossary.rst:226 #, read-only msgid "TLD" msgstr "TLD" #: ../../glossary.rst:228 #, read-only msgid "" "A Top-level domain name. There are two types of TLDs. The ccTLD are the TLD " "that correspond to a two letters :term:`ISO-3166` country code. The gTLD are " "the generic TLDs that are not assigned to a country." msgstr "" "A Top-level domain name. There are two types of TLDs. The ccTLD are the TLD " "that correspond to a two letters :term:`ISO-3166` country code. The gTLD are " "the generic TLDs that are not assigned to a country." #: ../../glossary.rst:293 #, read-only msgid "TLS" msgstr "TLS" #: ../../glossary.rst:295 #, read-only msgid "" "Transport Layer Security, defined in :rfc:`5246` is a cryptographic protocol " "that is used to provide communication security for Internet applications. " "This protocol is used on top of the transport service but a detailed " "description is outside the scope of this book." msgstr "" "Transport Layer Security, defined in :rfc:`5246` is a cryptographic protocol " "that is used to provide communication security for Internet applications. " "This protocol is used on top of the transport service but a detailed " "description is outside the scope of this book." #: ../../glossary.rst:87 #, read-only msgid "UDP" msgstr "UDP" #: ../../glossary.rst:89 #, read-only msgid "" "User Datagram Protocol is a protocol of the transport layer in the TCP/IP " "protocol suite that provides an unreliable connectionless service that " "includes a mechanism to detect corruption" msgstr "" "User Datagram Protocol is a protocol of the transport layer in the TCP/IP " "protocol suite that provides an unreliable connectionless service that " "includes a mechanism to detect corruption" #: ../../glossary.rst:18 #, read-only msgid "unicast" msgstr "unicast" #: ../../glossary.rst:20 #, read-only msgid "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to one " "recipient" msgstr "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to one " "recipient" #: ../../glossary.rst:277 #, read-only msgid "VNC" msgstr "VNC" #: ../../glossary.rst:278 #, read-only msgid "vnc" msgstr "vnc" #: ../../glossary.rst:280 #, read-only msgid "" "A networked application that allows to remotely access a computer's " "Graphical User Interface. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Virtual_Network_Computing" msgstr "" "A networked application that allows to remotely access a computer's " "Graphical User Interface. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Virtual_Network_Computing" #: ../../glossary.rst:45 #, read-only msgid "W3C" msgstr "W3C" #: ../../glossary.rst:47 #, read-only msgid "" "The world wide web consortium was created to standardize the protocols and " "mechanisms used in the world wide web. It is thus focused on a subset of the " "application layer. See https://www.w3.org" msgstr "" "The world wide web consortium was created to standardize the protocols and " "mechanisms used in the world wide web. It is thus focused on a subset of the " "application layer. See https://www.w3.org" #: ../../glossary.rst:33 #, read-only msgid "WAN" msgstr "WAN" #: ../../glossary.rst:35 #, read-only msgid "Wide Area Network" msgstr "Wide Area Network" #: ../../glossary.rst:211 #, read-only msgid "X.25" msgstr "X.25" #: ../../glossary.rst:213 #, read-only msgid "" "A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that was deployed " "by telecommunication operators." msgstr "" "A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that was deployed " "by telecommunication operators." #: ../../glossary.rst:199 #, read-only msgid "X11" msgstr "X11" #: ../../glossary.rst:201 #, read-only msgid "" "The XWindow system and the associated protocols are defined in [SG1990]_" msgstr "" "The XWindow system and the associated protocols are defined in [SG1990]_" #: ../../glossary.rst:253 #, read-only msgid "XML" msgstr "XML" #: ../../glossary.rst:255 #, read-only msgid "" "The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a flexible text format derived from " "SGML. It was originally designed for the electronic publishing industry but " "is now used by a wide variety of applications that need to exchange " "structured data. The XML specifications are maintained by `several working " "groups `_ of the :term:`W3C`" msgstr "" "The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a flexible text format derived from " "SGML. It was originally designed for the electronic publishing industry but " "is now used by a wide variety of applications that need to exchange " "structured data. The XML specifications are maintained by `several working " "groups `_ of the :term:`W3C`"