# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) 2019 Olivier Bonaventure # This file is distributed under the same license as the Computer networking # : Principles, Protocols and Practice package. # FIRST AUTHOR , 2019. # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Computer networking : Principles, Protocols and Practice " "3\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2019-10-09 12:39+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2022-06-15 20:11+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Thomas ANTOINE \n" "Language-Team: French \n" "Language: fr\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n > 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 3.9.1\n" "Generated-By: Babel 2.7.0\n" #: ../../glossary.rst:8 msgid "Glossary" msgstr "Glossaire" #: ../../glossary.rst:322 msgid "address" msgstr "Adresse" #: ../../glossary.rst:324 msgid "" "A string of bits that identifies a network interface in the network layer" " or the datalink layer. Most addresses have a fixed length, e.g. 32 bits " "for :term:`IPv4`, 128 bits for :term:`IPv6` or 48 bits for " ":term:`Ethernet` and other related Local Area Networks." msgstr "" "Une chaîne de bits qui identifie une interface réseau dans la couche réseau " "ou dans la couche de liaison des données. La plupart des adresses ont une " "taille fixe, par exemple 32 bits pour :term:`IPv4`, 128 bits pour " ":term:`IPv6` or 48 bits pour :term:`Ethernet` et d'autres réseaux locaux." #: ../../glossary.rst:183 msgid "AIMD" msgstr "AIMD" #: ../../glossary.rst:185 msgid "" "Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm " "used notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission " "rate when the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases " "when congested is detected." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:15 msgid "anycast" msgstr "anycast" #: ../../glossary.rst:17 msgid "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to `one`" " receiver that belongs to a specified group" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:117 msgid "API" msgstr "API" #: ../../glossary.rst:119 msgid "Application Programming Interface" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:268 msgid "ARP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:270 msgid "" "The Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol used by IPv4 devices to " "obtain the datalink layer address that corresponds to an IPv4 address on " "the local area network. ARP is defined in :rfc:`826`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:48 msgid "ARPANET" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:50 msgid "" "The Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Network is a network that was" " built by network scientists in USA with funding from the ARPA of the US " "Ministry of Defense. ARPANET is considered as the grandfather of today's " "Internet." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:12 msgid "ascii" msgstr "ascii" #: ../../glossary.rst:14 msgid "" "The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a " "character-encoding scheme that defines a binary representation for " "characters. The ASCII table contains both printable characters and " "control characters. ASCII characters were encoded in 7 bits and only " "contained the characters required to write text in English. Other " "character sets such as Unicode have been developed later to support all " "written languages." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:99 msgid "ASN.1" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:101 msgid "" "The Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) was designed by ISO and ITU-T. " "It is a standard and flexible notation that can be used to describe data " "structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data " "between applications. It was designed to be used in the Presentation " "layer of the OSI reference model but is now used in other protocols such " "as :term:`SNMP`." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:226 msgid "ATM" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:228 msgid "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:156 msgid "BGP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:158 msgid "" "The Border Gateway Protocol is the interdomain routing protocol used in " "the global Internet." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:235 msgid "BNF" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:237 msgid "" "A Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a formal way to describe a language by using " "syntactic and lexical rules. BNFs are frequently used to define " "programming languages, but also to define the messages exchanged between " "networked applications. :rfc:`5234` explains how a BNF must be written to" " specify an Internet protocol." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:24 msgid "broadcast" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:26 msgid "" "a transmission mode where is same information is sent to all nodes in the" " network" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:129 msgid "CIDR" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:131 msgid "" "Classless Inter Domain Routing is the current address allocation " "architecture for IP version 4. It was defined in :rfc:`1518` and " ":rfc:`4632`." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:283 msgid "dial-up line" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:285 msgid "" "A synonym for a regular telephone line, i.e. a line that can be used to " "dial any telephone number." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:54 ../../glossary.rst:211 ../../glossary.rst:232 msgid "DNS" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:56 msgid "" "The Domain Name System is a distributed database that allows to map names" " on IP addresses." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:213 msgid "The Domain Name System is defined in :rfc:`1035`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:234 msgid "" "The Domain Name System is a distributed database that can be queried by " "hosts to map names onto IP addresses" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:171 msgid "eBGP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:173 msgid "" "An eBGP session is a BGP session between two directly connected routers " "that belong to two different Autonomous Systems. Also called an external " "BGP session." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:150 msgid "EGP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:152 msgid "Exterior Gateway Protocol. Synonym of interdomain routing protocol" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:159 msgid "EIGRP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:161 msgid "" "The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a proprietary " "intradomain routing protocol that is often used in enterprise networks. " "EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm described in [Garcia1993]_." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:325 msgid "Ethernet" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:327 msgid "The most widely used LAN technology." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:319 msgid "file transfer" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:321 msgid "" "A service that enables a user to send or receive a file from a distant " "server over the network. The File Transfer Protocol :term:`FTP` was a " "popular service. It has now been replaced by HTTP/HTTPs or more secure " "protocols such as the `SSH File Transfer Protocol " "`_." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:63 msgid "frame" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:65 msgid "a frame is the unit of information transfer in the datalink layer" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:229 msgid "Frame-Relay" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:231 msgid "" "A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that is " "deployed by telecom operators." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:102 msgid "ftp" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:104 msgid "" "The File Transfer Protocol defined in :rfc:`959` has been the `de facto` " "protocol to exchange files over the Internet before the widespread " "adoption of HTTP :rfc:`2616`." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:198 msgid "FTP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:200 msgid "The File Transfer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`959`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:313 msgid "hosts.txt" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:315 msgid "" "The original file containing the list of all Internet hosts. This file " "has been deprecated, but Unix variants still maintain a local " "``/etc/hosts`` containing mappings between names and IP addresses. See " "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/hosts.5.html for a description of " "the format of this file on Linux." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:262 msgid "HTML" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:264 msgid "" "The HyperText Markup Language specifies the structure and the syntax of " "the documents that are exchanged on the world wide web. HTML is " "maintained by the `HTML working group `_ of " "the :term:`W3C`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:186 msgid "HTTP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:188 msgid "The HyperText Transport Protocol is defined in :rfc:`2616`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:180 msgid "hub" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:182 msgid "A relay operating in the physical layer." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:132 msgid "IANA" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:134 msgid "" "The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for the " "coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol " "resources" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:168 msgid "iBGP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:170 msgid "" "An iBGP session is a BGP between two routers belonging to the same " "Autonomous System. Also called an internal BGP session." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:241 msgid "ICANN" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:243 msgid "" "The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) " "coordinates the allocation of domain names, IP addresses and AS numbers " "as well protocol parameters. It also coordinates the operation and the " "evolution of the DNS root name servers." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:42 msgid "IETF" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:44 msgid "" "The Internet Engineering Task Force is a non-profit organization that " "develops the standards for the protocols used in the Internet. The IETF " "mainly covers the transport and network layers. Several application layer" " protocols are also standardized within the IETF. The work in the IETF is" " organized in working groups. Most of the work is performed by exchanging" " emails and there are three IETF meetings every year. Participation is " "open to anyone. See https://www.ietf.org" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:147 msgid "IGP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:149 msgid "Interior Gateway Protocol. Synonym of intradomain routing protocol" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:162 msgid "IGRP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:164 msgid "" "The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a proprietary intradomain" " routing protocol that uses distance vector. IGRP supports multiple " "metrics for each route but has been replaced by :term:`EIGRP`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:195 ../../glossary.rst:259 msgid "IMAP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:197 msgid "The Internet Message Access Protocol is defined in :rfc:`3501`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:261 msgid "" "The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), defined in :rfc:`3501`, is " "an application-level protocol that allows a client to access and " "manipulate the emails stored on a server. With IMAP, the email messages " "remain on the server and are not downloaded on the client." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:69 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:71 msgid "" "a public internet, i.e. a network composed of different networks that are" " running :term:`IPv4` or :term:`IPv6`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:72 msgid "internet" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:74 msgid "" "an internet is an internetwork, i.e. a network composed of different " "networks. The :term:`Internet`, with a capital `I` corresponds to the " "global network that we use today, but other internetworks have been used " "in the path." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:304 msgid "inverse query" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:306 msgid "" "For DNS servers and resolvers, an inverse query is a query for the domain" " name that corresponds to a given IP address." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:75 msgid "IP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:77 msgid "" "Internet Protocol is the generic term for the network layer protocol in " "the TCP/IP protocol suite. IP version 4 is widely used but IP version 6 " "is being deployed globally." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:78 msgid "IPv4" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:80 msgid "" "is the version 4 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network " "layer protocol used in most of the Internet today. IPv4 addresses are " "encoded as a 32 bits field." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:81 msgid "IPv6" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:83 msgid "" "is the version 6 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network " "layer protocol which is intended to replace IPv4. IP version 6 addresses " "are encoded as a 128 bits field." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:144 msgid "IS-IS" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:146 msgid "" "Intermediate System- Intermediate System. A link-state intradomain " "routing that was initially defined for the ISO CLNP protocol but was " "extended to support IP v4 and IP v6. IS-IS is often used in ISP networks." " It is defined in [ISO10589]_" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:105 msgid "ISN" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:107 msgid "" "The Initial Sequence Number of a TCP connection is the sequence number " "chosen by the client ( resp. server) that is placed in the `SYN` (resp. " "`SYN+ACK`) segment during the establishment of the TCP connection." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:36 ../../glossary.rst:271 msgid "ISO" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:38 msgid "" "The International Standardization Organization is an agency of the United" " Nations that is based in Geneva and develop standards on various topics." " Within ISO, country representatives vote to approve or reject standards." " Most of the work on the development of ISO standards is done in expert " "working groups. Additional information about ISO may be obtained from " "https://www.iso.org" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:273 msgid "The International Standardization Organization" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:289 msgid "ISO-3166" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:291 msgid "" "An :term:`ISO` standard that defines codes to represent countries and " "their subdivisions. See http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:295 msgid "ISP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:297 msgid "" "An Internet Service Provider, i.e. a network that provides Internet " "access to its clients." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:39 msgid "ITU" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:41 msgid "" "The International Telecommunication Union is a United Nation's agency " "whose purpose is to develop standards for the telecommunication industry." " It was initially created to standardize the basic telephone system but " "expanded later towards data networks. The work within ITU is mainly done " "by network specialists from the telecommunication industry (operators and" " vendors). See https://www.itu.int for more information" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:153 msgid "IXP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:155 msgid "" "Internet eXchange Point. A location where routers belonging to different " "domains are attached to the same Local Area Network to establish peering " "sessions and exchange packets. See http://www.euro-ix.net/ or " "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_points_by_size " "for a partial list of IXPs." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:27 msgid "LAN" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:29 msgid "Local Area Network" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:286 msgid "leased line" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:288 msgid "A telephone line that is permanently available between two endpoints." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:30 msgid "MAN" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:32 msgid "Metropolitan Area Network" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:253 msgid "MIME" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:255 msgid "" "The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) defined in :rfc:`2045` " "are a set of extensions to the format of email messages that allow to use" " non-ASCII characters inside mail messages. A MIME message can be " "composed of several different parts each having a different format." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:277 msgid "MIME document" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:279 msgid "A MIME document is a document, encoded by using the :term:`MIME` format." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:274 msgid "minicomputer" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:276 msgid "" "A minicomputer is a multi-user system that was typically used in the " "1960s/1970s to serve departments. See the corresponding Wikipedia article" " for additional information : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:280 msgid "modem" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:282 msgid "" "A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that encodes (resp. decodes) " "digital information by modulating (resp. demodulating) an analog signal. " "Modems are frequently used to transmit digital information over telephone" " lines and radio links. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem for a " "survey of various types of modems" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:123 msgid "MSS" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:125 msgid "" "A TCP option used by a TCP entity in SYN segments to indicate the Maximum" " Segment Size that it is able to receive." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:21 msgid "multicast" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:23 msgid "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent efficiently to `all` the" " receivers that belong to a given group" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:250 msgid "nameserver" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:252 msgid "" "A server that implements the DNS protocol and can answer queries for " "names inside its own domain." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:165 msgid "NAT" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:167 msgid "A Network Address Translator is a middlebox that translates IP packets." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:310 msgid "NBMA" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:312 msgid "" "A Non Broadcast Mode Multiple Access Network is a subnetwork that " "supports multiple hosts/routers but does not provide an efficient way of " "sending broadcast frames to all devices attached to the subnetwork. ATM " "subnetworks are an example of NBMA networks." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:298 msgid "network-byte order" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:300 msgid "" "Internet protocol allow to transport sequences of bytes. These sequences " "of bytes are sufficient to carry ASCII characters. The network-byte order" " refers to the Big-Endian encoding for 16 and 32 bits integer. See " "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:217 msgid "NFS" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:219 msgid "The Network File System is defined in :rfc:`1094`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:220 msgid "NTP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:222 msgid "The Network Time Protocol is defined in :rfc:`1305`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:93 msgid "OSI" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:95 msgid "" "Open Systems Interconnection. A set of networking standards developed by " ":term:`ISO` including the 7 layers OSI reference model." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:141 msgid "OSPF" msgstr "OSPF" #: ../../glossary.rst:143 msgid "" "Open Shortest Path First. A link-state intradomain routing protocol that" " is often used in enterprise and ISP networks. OSPF is defined in and " ":rfc:`2328` and :rfc:`5340`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:57 msgid "packet" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:59 msgid "a packet is the unit of information transfer in the network layer" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:51 msgid "PBL" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:53 msgid "Problem-based learning is a teaching approach that relies on problems." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:192 ../../glossary.rst:256 msgid "POP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:194 msgid "The Post Office Protocol is defined in :rfc:`1939`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:258 msgid "" "The Post Office Protocol (POP), defined :rfc:`1939`, is an application-" "level protocol that allows a client to download email messages stored on " "a server." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:316 msgid "remote login" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:318 msgid "" "A service that enables a user to connect to a distant server over the " "network. Telnet, defined in :rfc:`854` and the BSD rlogin services " "defined in :rfc:`1282` were popular in the past. They have been " "deprecated for security reasons and are now replaced by :term:`ssh`." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:247 msgid "resolver" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:249 msgid "" "A server that implements the DNS protocol and can resolve queries. A " "resolver usually serves a set of clients (e.g. all hosts in campus or all" " clients of a given ISP). It sends DNS queries to nameservers everywhere " "on behalf of its clients and stores the received answers in its cache. A " "resolver must know the IP addresses of the root nameservers." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:138 msgid "RIP" msgstr "RIP" #: ../../glossary.rst:140 msgid "" "Routing Information Protocol. An intradomain routing protocol based on " "distance vectors that is sometimes used in enterprise networks. RIP is " "defined in :rfc:`2453`." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:135 msgid "RIR" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:137 msgid "" "Regional Internet Registry. An organization that manages IP addresses and" " AS numbers on behalf of :term:`IANA`." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:244 msgid "root nameserver" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:246 msgid "" "A name server that is responsible for the root of the domain names " "hierarchy. There are currently a dozen root nameservers and each DNS " "resolver See http://www.root-servers.org/ for more information about the " "operation of these root servers." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:126 msgid "round-trip-time" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:128 msgid "" "The round-trip-time (RTT) is the delay between the transmission of a " "segment and the reception of the corresponding acknowledgment in a " "transport protocol." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:174 msgid "router" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:176 msgid "A relay operating in the network layer." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:214 msgid "RPC" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:216 msgid "" "Several types of remote procedure calls have been defined. The RPC " "mechanism defined in :rfc:`5531` is used by applications such as NFS" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:66 msgid "SDU (Service Data Unit)" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:68 msgid "" "a Service Data Unit is the unit information transferred between " "applications" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:60 msgid "segment" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:62 msgid "a segment is the unit of information transfer in the transport layer" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:189 msgid "SMTP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:191 msgid "The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`821`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:96 msgid "SNMP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:98 msgid "" "The Simple Network Management Protocol is a management protocol defined " "for TCP/IP networks." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:120 msgid "socket" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:122 msgid "" "A low-level API originally defined on Berkeley Unix to allow programmers " "to develop clients and servers." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:108 msgid "spoofed packet" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:110 msgid "" "A packet is said to be spoofed when the sender of the packet has used as " "source address a different address than its own." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:201 msgid "SSH" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:203 msgid "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`4253`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:301 msgid "standard query" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:303 msgid "" "For DNS servers and resolvers, a standard query is a query for a `A` or a" " `AAAA` record. Such a query typically returns an IP address." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:177 msgid "switch" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:179 msgid "A relay operating in the datalink layer." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:111 msgid "SYN cookie" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:113 msgid "" "The SYN cookies is a technique used to compute the initial sequence " "number (ISN)" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:114 msgid "TCB" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:116 msgid "" "The Transmission Control Block is the set of variables that are " "maintained for each established TCP connection by a TCP implementation." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:87 msgid "TCP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:89 msgid "" "The Transmission Control Protocol is a protocol of the transport layer in" " the TCP/IP protocol suite that provides a reliable bytestream " "connection-oriented service on top of IP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:84 msgid "TCP/IP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:86 msgid "refers to the :term:`TCP` and :term:`IP` protocols" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:204 msgid "telnet" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:206 msgid "The telnet protocol is defined in :rfc:`854`" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:238 msgid "TLD" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:240 msgid "" "A Top-level domain name. There are two types of TLDs. The ccTLD are the " "TLD that correspond to a two letters :term:`ISO-3166` country code. The " "gTLD are the generic TLDs that are not assigned to a country." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:307 msgid "TLS" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:309 msgid "" "Transport Layer Security, defined in :rfc:`5246` is a cryptographic " "protocol that is used to provide communication security for Internet " "applications. This protocol is used on top of the transport service but a" " detailed description is outside the scope of this book." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:90 msgid "UDP" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:92 msgid "" "User Datagram Protocol is a protocol of the transport layer in the TCP/IP" " protocol suite that provides an unreliable connectionless service that " "includes a mechanism to detect corruption" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:18 msgid "unicast" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:20 msgid "" "a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to one " "recipient" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:292 msgid "vnc" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:294 msgid "" "A networked application that allows to remotely access a computer's " "Graphical User Interface. See " "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:45 msgid "W3C" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:47 msgid "" "The world wide web consortium was created to standardize the protocols " "and mechanisms used in the world wide web. It is thus focused on a subset" " of the application layer. See https://www.w3.org" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:33 msgid "WAN" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:35 msgid "Wide Area Network" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:223 msgid "X.25" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:225 msgid "" "A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that was " "deployed by telecommunication operators." msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:207 msgid "X11" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:209 msgid "The XWindow system and the associated protocols are defined in [SG1990]_" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:265 msgid "XML" msgstr "" #: ../../glossary.rst:267 msgid "" "The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a flexible text format derived " "from SGML. It was originally designed for the electronic publishing " "industry but is now used by a wide variety of applications that need to " "exchange structured data. The XML specifications are maintained by " "`several working groups `_ of the :term:`W3C`" msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "Classless Inter Domain Routing is the" #~ " current address allocation architecture " #~ "for IPv4. It was defined in " #~ ":rfc:`1518` and :rfc:`4632`." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The File Transfer Protocol defined in" #~ " :rfc:`959` has been the de facto " #~ "protocol to exchange files over the " #~ "Internet before the widespread adoption " #~ "of HTTP :rfc:`2616`" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "A file that initially contained the " #~ "list of all Internet hosts with " #~ "their IPv4 address. As the network " #~ "grew, this file was replaced by " #~ "the DNS, but each host still " #~ "maintains a small hosts.txt file that" #~ " can be used when DNS is not" #~ " available." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The HyperText Markup Language specifies " #~ "the structure and the syntax of " #~ "the documents that are exchanged on " #~ "the world wide web. HTML is " #~ "maintained by the `HTML working group" #~ " `_ of the " #~ ":term:`W3C`" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The Internet Engineering Task Force is" #~ " a non-profit organisation that " #~ "develops the standards for the protocols" #~ " used in the Internet. The IETF " #~ "mainly covers the transport and network" #~ " layers. Several application layer " #~ "protocols are also standardised within " #~ "the IETF. The work in the IETF " #~ "is organised in working groups. Most " #~ "of the work is performed by " #~ "exchanging emails and there are three" #~ " IETF meetings every year. Participation" #~ " is open to anyone. See " #~ "http://www.ietf.org" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "an internet is an internetwork, i.e. " #~ "a network composed of different " #~ "networks. The :term:`Internet` is a very" #~ " popular internetwork, but other internets" #~ " have been used in the path." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "Internet Protocol is the generic term" #~ " for the network layer protocol in" #~ " the TCP/IP protocol suite. :term:`IPv4`" #~ " is widely used today and " #~ ":term:`IPv6` is expected to replace " #~ ":term:`IPv4`" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "is the version 6 of the Internet" #~ " Protocol, the connectionless network layer" #~ " protocol which is intended to " #~ "replace :term:`IPv4` . IPv6 addresses " #~ "are encoded as a 128 bits field." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "Intermediate System- Intermediate System. A" #~ " link-state intradomain routing that " #~ "was initially defined for the ISO " #~ "CLNP protocol but was extended to " #~ "support IPv4 and IPv6. IS-IS is" #~ " often used in ISP networks. It " #~ "is defined in [ISO10589]_" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The International Standardization Organisation " #~ "is an agency of the United Nations" #~ " that is based in Geneva and " #~ "develop standards on various topics. " #~ "Within ISO, country representatives vote " #~ "to approve or reject standards. Most " #~ "of the work on the development of" #~ " ISO standards is done in expert " #~ "working groups. Additional information about" #~ " ISO may be obtained from " #~ "http://www.iso.int" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "The International Standardization Organisation" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The International Telecommunication Union is" #~ " a United Nation's agency whose " #~ "purpose is to develop standards for " #~ "the telecommunication industry. It was " #~ "initially created to standardise the " #~ "basic telephone system but expanded " #~ "later towards data networks. The work" #~ " within ITU is mainly done by " #~ "network specialists from the telecommunication" #~ " industry (operators and vendors). See " #~ "http://www.itu.int for more information" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "Internet eXchange Point. A location " #~ "where routers belonging to different " #~ "domains are attached to the same " #~ "Local Area Network to establish peering" #~ " sessions and exchange packets. See " #~ "http://www.euro-ix.net/ or " #~ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_points_by_size" #~ " for a partial list of IXPs." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "A minicomputer is a multi-user " #~ "system that was typically used in " #~ "the 1960s/1970s to serve departments. " #~ "See the corresponding wikipedia article " #~ "for additional information : " #~ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a " #~ "device that encodes (resp. decodes) " #~ "digital information by modulating (resp. " #~ "demodulating) an analog signal. Modems " #~ "are frequently used to transmit digital" #~ " information over telephone lines and " #~ "radio links. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem" #~ " for a survey of various types " #~ "of modems" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "Internet protocol allow to transport " #~ "sequences of bytes. These sequences of" #~ " bytes are sufficient to carry ASCII" #~ " characters. The network-byte order " #~ "refers to the Big-Endian encoding " #~ "for 16 and 32 bits integer. See" #~ " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "Regional Internet Registry. An organisation" #~ " that manages IP addresses and AS " #~ "numbers on behalf of :term:`IANA`." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The round-trip-time (RTT) is the" #~ " delay between the transmission of a" #~ " segment and the reception of the " #~ "corresponding acknowledgement in a transport" #~ " protocol." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "A networked application that allows to" #~ " remotely access a computer's Graphical " #~ "User Interface. See " #~ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The world wide web consortium was " #~ "created to standardise the protocols and" #~ " mechanisms used in the global www." #~ " It is thus focused on a subset" #~ " of the application layer. See " #~ "http://www.w3c.org" #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "A wide area networking technology using" #~ " virtual circuits that was deployed " #~ "by telecom operators." #~ msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is" #~ " a flexible text format derived from" #~ " SGML. It was originally designed for" #~ " the electronic publishing industry but " #~ "is now used by a wide variety " #~ "of applications that need to exchange" #~ " structured data. The XML specifications" #~ " are maintained by `several working " #~ "groups `_ of the " #~ ":term:`W3C`" #~ msgstr ""