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Glossary

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address

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A string of bits that identifies a network interface in the network layer or the datalink layer. Most addresses have a fixed length, e.g. 32 bits for :term:`IPv4`, 128 bits for :term:`IPv6` or 48 bits for :term:`Ethernet` and other related Local Area Networks.

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AIMD

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Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm used notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission rate when the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases when congested is detected.

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anycast

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a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to `one` receiver that belongs to a specified group

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API

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Application Programming Interface

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ARP

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The Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol used by IPv4 devices to obtain the datalink layer address that corresponds to an IPv4 address on the local area network. ARP is defined in :rfc:`826`

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ARPANET

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The Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Network is a network that was built by network scientists in USA with funding from the ARPA of the US Ministry of Defense. ARPANET is considered as the grandfather of today's Internet.

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ASCII

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The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a character-encoding scheme that defines a binary representation for characters. The ASCII table contains both printable characters and control characters. ASCII characters were encoded in 7 bits and only contained the characters required to write text in English. Other character sets such as Unicode have been developed later to support all written languages.

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ASN.1

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The Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) was designed by ISO and ITU-T. It is a standard and flexible notation that can be used to describe data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data between applications. It was designed to be used in the Presentation layer of the OSI reference model but is now used in other protocols such as :term:`SNMP`.

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ATM

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode

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BGP