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A Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a formal way to describe a language by using syntactic and lexical rules. BNFs are frequently used to define programming languages, but also to define the messages exchanged between networked applications. :rfc:`5234` explains how a BNF must be written to specify an Internet protocol.
Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm used notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission rate when the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases when congested is detected.
address
a frame is the unit of information transfer in the datalink layer
AIMD
A low-level API originally defined on Berkeley Unix to allow programmers to develop clients and servers.
A MIME document is a document, encoded by using the :term:`MIME` format.
A minicomputer is a multi-user system that was typically used in the 1960s/1970s to serve departments. See the corresponding Wikipedia article for additional information : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that encodes (resp. decodes) digital information by modulating (resp. demodulating) an analog signal. Modems are frequently used to transmit digital information over telephone lines and radio links. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem for a survey of various types of modems
A name server that is responsible for the root of the domain names hierarchy. There are currently a dozen root nameservers and each DNS resolver See http://www.root-servers.org/ for more information about the operation of these root servers.
An eBGP session is a BGP session between two directly connected routers that belong to two different Autonomous Systems. Also called an external BGP session.
A Network Address Translator is a middlebox that translates IP packets.
A networked application that allows to remotely access a computer's Graphical User Interface. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing
An iBGP session is a BGP between two routers belonging to the same Autonomous System. Also called an internal BGP session.
an internet is an internetwork, i.e. a network composed of different networks. The :term:`Internet`, with a capital `I` corresponds to the global network that we use today, but other internetworks have been used in the path.
An Internet Service Provider, i.e. a network that provides Internet access to its clients.
A Non Broadcast Mode Multiple Access Network is a subnetwork that supports multiple hosts/routers but does not provide an efficient way of sending broadcast frames to all devices attached to the subnetwork. ATM subnetworks are an example of NBMA networks.
An :term:`ISO` standard that defines codes to represent countries and their subdivisions. See http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm
anycast
A packet is said to be spoofed when the sender of the packet has used as source address a different address than its own.