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As in the previous examples, we create the routers and associate one IPv6 prefix to each AS:
As in the previous examples, we create the routers and associate one IPv6 prefix to each AS:
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To explore the configuration of BGP, let us consider a network that contains three ASes: ``AS1``, ``AS2`` and ``AS3``. To simplify the tests, we identify one host inside each of these ASes.
To explore the configuration of BGP, let us consider a network that contains three ASes: ``AS1``, ``AS2`` and ``AS3``. To simplify the tests, we identify one host inside each of these ASes.
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Exploring BGP
Exploring BGP
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The packet traces collected on the three routers of this example are available from :download:`/exercises/traces/ripng-r1-trace.pcap`, :download:`/exercises/traces/ripng-r2-trace.pcap` and :download:`/exercises/traces/ripng-r3-trace.pcap`.
The packet traces collected on the three routers of this example are available from :download:`/exercises/traces/ripng-r1-trace.pcap`, :download:`/exercises/traces/ripng-r2-trace.pcap` and :download:`/exercises/traces/ripng-r3-trace.pcap`.
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Later, router ``r2`` will regularly transmit its distance vector inside an unsolicited response message that is sent towards the IPv6 multicast address ``ff02::9``.
Later, router ``r2`` will regularly transmit its distance vector inside an unsolicited response message that is sent towards the IPv6 multicast address ``ff02::9``.
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Router ``r2`` receives a similar request from ``fe80::481a:48ff:fed7:292e`` and replies by sending its routing table in a response message. Note that this message is sent to the link-local address of the requesting router.
Router ``r2`` receives a similar request from ``fe80::481a:48ff:fed7:292e`` and replies by sending its routing table in a response message. Note that this message is sent to the link-local address of the requesting router.
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When a router starts, it sends a request message. This is illustrated in the figure below with the first message sent by router ``r2``. This message is sent inside an IPv6 packet whose source address is the link-local address of the router and the destination address is ``ff02::9`` which is the reserved multicast address for RIPng.
When a router starts, it sends a request message. This is illustrated in the figure below with the first message sent by router ``r2``. This message is sent inside an IPv6 packet whose source address is the link-local address of the router and the destination address is ``ff02::9`` which is the reserved multicast address for RIPng.
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the responses that contain the router's routing table
the responses that contain the router's routing table
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the requests
the requests
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We can observe the RIPng messages that are exchanged over the network. :rfc:`2080` defines two types of RIPng messages:
We can observe the RIPng messages that are exchanged over the network. :rfc:`2080` defines two types of RIPng messages:
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As RIP messages are exchanged using UDP on port 521, we filter this port in the tcpdump_ trace. RIPng distributes the routes and our two hosts can exchange packets. The entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/ripng.py`.
As RIP messages are exchanged using UDP on port 521, we filter this port in the tcpdump_ trace. RIPng distributes the routes and our two hosts can exchange packets. The entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/ripng.py`.
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IPMininet_ can also be used to perform experiments with RIP. A simple script that uses RIPng is provided below.
IPMininet_ can also be used to perform experiments with RIP. A simple script that uses RIPng is provided below.
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Exploring RIP
Exploring RIP
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A more detailed discussion of the packets that routing protocols exchange may be found in [Goralski2009]_.
A more detailed discussion of the packets that routing protocols exchange may be found in [Goralski2009]_.
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OSPFv3 also includes `LS Acknowledge` packets that acknowledge the correct reception of link state information.
OSPFv3 also includes `LS Acknowledge` packets that acknowledge the correct reception of link state information.
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The requested information is sent in a `LS Update` packet shortly after that.
The requested information is sent in a `LS Update` packet shortly after that.
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Router ``r2`` reacts to this updated Database description packet by requesting the link state information that it does not already know. For this, it sends a `LS Request` packet.
Router ``r2`` reacts to this updated Database description packet by requesting the link state information that it does not already know. For this, it sends a `LS Request` packet.
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This packet is updated when new information is added in the router's OSPFv3 database. A few seconds router, this router sends another Database description packet that announces more information.
This packet is updated when new information is added in the router's OSPFv3 database. A few seconds router, this router sends another Database description packet that announces more information.
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We can then observe the Database description packet that is sent by routers to announce the state of their OSPFv3 database. The details of this packet are beyond the scope of this simple exercise.
We can then observe the Database description packet that is sent by routers to announce the state of their OSPFv3 database. The details of this packet are beyond the scope of this simple exercise.
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The Hello packet contains some parameters such as the `Hello interval` that is set to 1 second. This interval is the delay between the transmission of successive Hello packets. Since the `Router Dead Interval` is set to 3 seconds, the router will consider the link as down if it does not receive Hello packets during a period of 3 seconds. The second packet of the trace is sent by router ``r1``.
The Hello packet contains some parameters such as the `Hello interval` that is set to 1 second. This interval is the delay between the transmission of successive Hello packets. Since the `Router Dead Interval` is set to 3 seconds, the router will consider the link as down if it does not receive Hello packets during a period of 3 seconds. The second packet of the trace is sent by router ``r1``.
10 months ago

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