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File “locale/pot/protocols/routing.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/ppp.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/lan.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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We will use the notation `<R,c,T,p>` to represent a `BPDU` whose `root identifier` is `R`, `cost` is `c` and that was sent from the port `p` of switch `T`. The construction of the spanning tree depends on an ordering relationship among the `BPDUs`. This ordering relationship could be implemented by the Python function below.
We will use the notation `<R,c,T,p>` to represent a `BPDU` whose `root identifier` is `R`, `cost` is `c` and that was sent from the port `p` of switch `T`. The construction of the spanning tree depends on an ordering relationship among the `BPDUs`. This ordering relationship could be implemented by the Python function below.
4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/ipv6.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/http2.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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HTTP/2.0 is a new version of the HTTP protocol that still uses port 80. When a client contacts an HTTP server, it must be able to determine whether it supports HTTP/1.x or HTTP/2.0. If the client sends a binary encoded HTTP/2.0 request to a server that only supports the ASCII encoded HTTP/1.x, it could cause problems on the server and even crash it. To minimize the risk of crashing HTTP/1.x servers, an HTTP/2.0 session starts like an HTTP/1.1 session and the first request contains the `Connection`, `Upgrade` and `HTTP2-Settings` headers. An example of such a request to upgrade the version of HTTP is shown below.
HTTP/2.0 is a new version of the HTTP protocol that still uses port 80. When a client contacts an HTTP server, it must be able to determine whether it supports HTTP/1.x or HTTP/2.0. If the client sends a binary encoded HTTP/2.0 request to a server that only supports the ASCII encoded HTTP/1.x, it could cause problems on the server and even crash it. To minimize the risk of crashing HTTP/1.x servers, an HTTP/2.0 session starts like an HTTP/1.1 session and the first request contains the `Connection`, `Upgrade` and `HTTP2-Settings` headers. An example of such a request to upgrade the version of HTTP is shown below.
4 years ago
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One of the limitations of HTTP from a performance viewpoint is that the requests that are sent by a browser must be sequential. Typically, a browser requests the HTML page. Once the page has been retrieved, the browser parses it to identify all the objects that it references and requests them one after each other. The web page can only be displayed to the user once all the required web objects have been retrieved. This implies that the browser must wait until the reception of each response before sending the next request. Another possibility is to allow the browser to send multiple requests without waiting for their corresponding responses. This approach is called `pipelining` in :rfc:`7230`.
One of the limitations of HTTP from a performance viewpoint is that the requests that are sent by a browser must be sequential. Typically, a browser requests the HTML page. Once the page has been retrieved, the browser parses it to identify all the objects that it references and requests them one after each other. The web page can only be displayed to the user once all the required web objects have been retrieved. This implies that the browser must wait until the reception of each response before sending the next request. Another possibility is to allow the browser to send multiple requests without waiting for their corresponding responses. This approach is called `pipelining` in :rfc:`7230`.
4 years ago
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Two directions have been explored to improve the delivery of these web pages. The first direction is to tune the HTTP protocol. The second approach is to change the entire network stack. We will discuss this approach after having covered the entire stack.
Two directions have been explored to improve the delivery of these web pages. The first direction is to tune the HTTP protocol. The second approach is to change the entire network stack. We will discuss this approach after having covered the entire stack.
4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/http.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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In the early days, the Internet was mainly used for remote terminal access with telnet_, email and file transfer. The default file transfer protocol, `FTP`, defined in :rfc:`959` was widely used. `FTP` clients and servers are still included in some operating systems.
In the early days, the Internet was mainly used for remote terminal access with telnet_, email and file transfer. The default file transfer protocol, `FTP`, defined in :rfc:`959` was widely used. `FTP` clients and servers are still included in some operating systems.
4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/ethernet.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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We will use the notation `<R,c,T,p>` to represent a `BPDU` whose `root identifier` is `R`, `cost` is `c` and that was sent from the port `p` of switch `T`. The construction of the spanning tree depends on an ordering relationship among the `BPDUs`. This ordering relationship could be implemented by the Python function below.
We will use the notation `<R,c,T,p>` to represent a `BPDU` whose `root identifier` is `R`, `cost` is `c` and that was sent from the port `p` of switch `T`. The construction of the spanning tree depends on an ordering relationship among the `BPDUs`. This ordering relationship could be implemented by the Python function below.
4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/email.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/dnssec.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/congestion.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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This model considers a hypothetical TCP connection that suffers from equally spaced segment losses. If :math:`p` is the segment loss ratio, then the TCP connection successfully transfers :math:`\frac{1}{p}-1` segments and the next segment is lost. If we ignore the slow-start at the beginning of the connection, TCP in this environment is always in congestion avoidance as there are only isolated losses that can be recovered by using fast retransmit. The evolution of the congestion window is thus as shown in the figure below. Note that the `x-axis` of this figure represents time measured in units of one round-trip-time, which is supposed to be constant in the model, and the `y-axis` represents the size of the congestion window measured in MSS-sized segments.
This model considers a hypothetical TCP connection that suffers from equally spaced segment losses. If :math:`p` is the segment loss ratio, then the TCP connection successfully transfers :math:`\frac{1}{p}-1` segments and the next segment is lost. If we ignore the slow-start at the beginning of the connection, TCP in this environment is always in congestion avoidance as there are only isolated losses that can be recovered by using fast retransmit. The evolution of the congestion window is thus as shown in the figure below. Note that the `x-axis` of this figure represents time measured in units of one round-trip-time, which is supposed to be constant in the model, and the `y-axis` represents the size of the congestion window measured in MSS-sized segments.
4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/protocols/bgp.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/exercises/trace.pot” was added. 4 years ago
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File “locale/pot/exercises/tls.pot” was added. 4 years ago

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