cnp3-ebook/protocols/tcp — French @ Weblate: the `sequence number` (32 bits), `acknowledgment number` (32 bits) and …

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	TCP provides a reliable bytestream, connection-oriented transport service on top of the unreliable connectionless network service provided by :term:`IP`. TCP is used by a large number of applications, including :
	Email (:term:`SMTP`, :term:`POP`, :term:`IMAP`)
	World wide web ( :term:`HTTP`, ...)
	Most file transfer protocols ( :term:`ftp`, peer-to-peer file sharing applications , ...)
	remote computer access : :term:`telnet`, :term:`ssh`, :term:`X11`, :term:`VNC`, ...
	non-interactive multimedia applications (flash, ...)
	On the global Internet, most of the applications used in the wide area rely on TCP. Many studies [#ftcpusage]_ have reported that TCP was responsible for more than 90% of the data exchanged in the global Internet.
	To provide this service, TCP relies on a simple segment format that is shown in the figure below. Each TCP segment contains a header described below and, optionally, a payload. The default length of the TCP header is twenty bytes, but some TCP headers contain options.
	TCP header format
	A TCP header contains the following fields :
	the `source and destination ports`. The source and destination ports play an important role in TCP, as they allow the identification of the connection to which a TCP segment belongs. When a client opens a TCP connection, it typically selects an ephemeral TCP port number as its source port and contacts the server by using the server's port number. All the segments that are sent by the client on this connection have the same source and destination ports. The server sends segments that contain as source (resp. destination) port, the destination (resp. source) port of the segments sent by the client (see figure :ref:`fig-tcpports`). A TCP connection is always identified by four pieces of information :
	the address of the client
	the address of the server
	the port chosen by the client
	the port chosen by the server
	the `sequence number` (32 bits), `acknowledgment number` (32 bits) and `window` (16 bits) fields are used to provide a reliable data transfer, using a window-based protocol. In a TCP bytestream, each byte of the stream consumes one sequence number. Their usage is described in more detail in section :ref:`TCPReliable`
	the `Urgent pointer` is used to indicate that some data should be considered as urgent in a TCP bytestream. However, it is rarely used in practice and will not be described here. Additional details about the utilization of this pointer may be found in :rfc:`793`, :rfc:`1122` or [Stevens1994]_
	the flags field contains a set of bit flags that indicate how a segment should be interpreted by the TCP entity receiving it :
	the `SYN` flag is used during connection establishment
	the `FIN` flag is used during connection release
	the `RST` is used in case of problems or when an invalid segment has been received
	when the `ACK` flag is set, it indicates that the `acknowledgment` field contains a valid number. Otherwise, the content of the `acknowledgment` field must be ignored by the receiver
	the `URG` flag is used together with the `Urgent pointer`
	the `PSH` flag is used as a notification from the sender to indicate to the receiver that it should pass all the data it has received to the receiving process. However, in practice TCP implementations do not allow TCP users to indicate when the `PSH` flag should be set.
	the `checksum` field contains the value of the Internet checksum computed over the entire TCP segment and a pseudo-header as with UDP
	the `Reserved` field was initially reserved for future utilization. It is now used by :rfc:`3168`.
	the `TCP Header Length` (THL) or `Data Offset` field is a four bits field that indicates the size of the TCP header in 32 bit words. The maximum size of the TCP header is thus 64 bytes.
	the `Optional header extension` is used to add optional information to the TCP header. Thanks to this header extension, it is possible to add new fields to the TCP header that were not planned in the original specification. This allowed TCP to evolve since the early eighties. The details of the TCP header extension are explained in sections :ref:`TCPOpen` and :ref:`TCPReliable`.
	The rest of this section is organized as follows. We first explain the establishment and the release of a TCP connection, then we discuss the mechanisms that are used by TCP to provide a reliable bytestream service. We end the section with a discussion of network congestion and explain the mechanisms that TCP uses to avoid congestion collapse.
	TCP connection establishment
	A TCP connection is established by using a three-way handshake. The connection establishment phase uses the `sequence number`, the `acknowledgment number` and the `SYN` flag. When a TCP connection is established, the two communicating hosts negotiate the initial sequence number to be used in both directions of the connection. For this, each TCP entity maintains a 32 bits counter, which is supposed to be incremented by one at least every 4 microseconds and after each connection establishment [#ftcpclock]_. When a client host wants to open a TCP connection with a server host, it creates a TCP segment with :

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locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/protocols/tcp.po, string 18

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