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../../principles/network.rst:76
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There are two possible organizations for the network layer :
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../../principles/referencemodels.rst:58
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An important point to note about the `Datalink layer` is that although the figure below indicates that two entities of the `Datalink layer` exchange frames directly, in reality this is slightly different. When the `Datalink layer` entity on the left needs to transmit a frame, it issues as many `Data.request` primitives to the underlying `physical layer` as there are bits in the frame. The physical layer will then convert the sequence of bits in an electromagnetic or optical signal that will be sent over the physical medium. The `physical layer` on the right hand side of the figure will decode the received signal, recover the bits and issue the corresponding `Data.indication` primitives to its `Datalink layer` entity. If there are no transmission errors, this entity will receive the frame sent earlier.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:52
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1 Mbps
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../../principles/sharing.rst:62
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Sharing bandwidth
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../../principles/transport.rst:41
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Such a conversation succeeds if both Alice and Bob speak the same language. If Alice meets Tchang who only speaks Chinese, she won't be able to ask him the current time. A conversation between humans can be more complex. For example, assume that Bob is a security guard whose duty is to only allow trusted secret agents to enter a meeting room. If all agents know a secret password, the conversation between Bob and Trudy could be as follows :
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../../protocols/dns.rst:54
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The `RDLength` field is the length of the `RData` field that contains the information of the type specified in the `Type` field.
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../../bibliography.rst:52
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Donahoo, M., Calvert, K., `TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers <http://books.google.com/books?id=dmt_mERzxV4C>`_ , Morgan Kaufman, 2009
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../../glossary.rst:99
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ASN.1
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:343
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Fairness and congestion control
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../../exercises/reliability.rst:36
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there are no transmission errors
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../../exercises/sockets.rst:139
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Receiving data from a peer using a socket
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../../exercises/transport.rst:135
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Discussion questions
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../../principles/naming.rst:82
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This hierarchical naming scheme is a key component of the Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS is a distributed database that contains mappings between fully qualified domain names and addresses. The DNS uses the client-server model. The clients are hosts or applications that need to retrieve the mapping for a given name. Each :term:`nameserver` stores part of the distributed database and answers the queries sent by clients. There is at least one :term:`nameserver` that is responsible for each domain. In the figure below, domains are represented by circles and there are three hosts inside domain `dom` (`h1`, `h2` and `h3`) and three hosts inside domain `a.sdom1.dom`. As shown in the figure below, a sub-domain may contain both host names and sub-domains.
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../../principles/network.rst:78
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`datagram`
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../../principles/referencemodels.rst:69
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The Network layer
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../../principles/reliability.rst:52
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:math:`10^6`
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../../principles/sharing.rst:64
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In all these networks, except the full-mesh, the link bandwidth is shared among all connected hosts. Various algorithms have been proposed and are used to efficiently share the access to this resource. We explain several of them in the Medium Access Control section below.
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../../principles/transport.rst:43 • ../../principles/transport.rst:49
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Bob : `What is the secret password ?`
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../../bibliography.rst:62
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Davik, F. Yilmaz, M. Gjessing, S. Uzun, N., `IEEE 802.17 resilient packet ring tutorial <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2004.1273782>`_, IEEE Communications Magazine, Mar 2004, Vol 42, N 3, p. 112-118
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../../glossary.rst:101
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The Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) was designed by ISO and ITU-T. It is a standard and flexible notation that can be used to describe data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data between applications. It was designed to be used in the Presentation layer of the OSI reference model but is now used in other protocols such as :term:`SNMP`.
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