Exit Zen
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../../bibliography.rst:68
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Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson. 1993. `Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/90.251892>`_. IEEE/ACM Transactions Networking 1, 4 (August 1993), 397-413.
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../../glossary.rst:235
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BNF
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:538 • ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:613
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Consider the network depicted in the figure below.
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../../exercises/network.rst:182 • ../../exercises/network.rst:214
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Same question with virtual circuits.
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../../exercises/reliability.rst:50
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Practice
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../../exercises/sockets.rst:216
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``connect``: connecting a socket to a remote address
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../../exercises/transport.rst:146
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Consider a transport protocol that provides the bytestream service and uses 32 bits sequence number to represent the position of the first byte of the payload of DATA segments in the bytestream. How would you modify this protocol so that it can provide a message-mode service ? Consider first short messages that always fit inside a single segment. In a second step, discuss how you could support messages of unlimited size.
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../../principles/naming.rst:117
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To be able to contact the root nameservers, each DNS client must know their addresses. This implies, that DNS clients must maintain an up-to-date list of the addresses of the root nameservers. Without this list, it is impossible to contact the root nameservers. Forcing all Internet hosts to maintain the most recent version of this list would be difficult from an operational point of view. To solve this problem, the designers of the DNS introduced a special type of DNS server : the DNS resolvers. A :term:`resolver` is a server that provides the name resolution service for a set of clients. A network usually contains a few resolvers. Each host in these networks is configured to send all its DNS queries via one of its local resolvers. These queries are called `recursive queries` as the :term:`resolver` must recursively send requests through the hierarchy of nameservers to obtain the `answer`.
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../../principles/network.rst:89
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the information to be sent
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../../principles/reliability.rst:63
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On the sender side :
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../../bibliography.rst:72
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Fortz, B. Rexford, J. ,Thorup, M., `Traffic engineering with traditional IP routing protocols <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2002.1039866>`_, IEEE Communication Magazine, October 2002
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../../glossary.rst:237
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A Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a formal way to describe a language by using syntactic and lexical rules. BNFs are frequently used to define programming languages, but also to define the messages exchanged between networked applications. :rfc:`5234` explains how a BNF must be written to specify an Internet protocol.
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:558
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In this network, compute the minimum round-trip-time between `A` (resp. `B`) and `D`. Perform the computation if the hosts send segments containing 1000 bits.
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../../exercises/network.rst:208 • ../../exercises/network.rst:238
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The network operator would like to use the following paths :
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../../exercises/reliability.rst:52
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Reliable protocols depend on error detection algorithms to detect transmission errors. The following questions will reinforce your understanding of these algorithms.
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../../exercises/transport.rst:148
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What is piggybacking and what are the benefits of this technique ?
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../../principles/naming.rst:119
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DNS resolvers have several advantages over letting each Internet host query directly nameservers. Firstly, regular Internet hosts do not need to maintain the up-to-date list of the addresses of the root servers. Secondly, regular Internet hosts do not need to send queries to nameservers all over the Internet. Furthermore, as a DNS resolver serves a large number of hosts, it can cache the received answers. This allows the resolver to quickly return answers for popular DNS queries and reduces the load on all DNS servers [JSBM2002]_.
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../../principles/network.rst:91
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To understand the datagram organization, let us consider the figure below. A network layer address, represented by a letter, has been assigned to each host and router. To send some information to host `J`, host `A` creates a packet containing its own address, the destination address and the information to be exchanged.
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../../principles/referencemodels.rst:99 • ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:109
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The Application layer
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../../principles/reliability.rst:62
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set the voltage on the electrical wire at ``+5V`` during one millisecond to transmit a bit set to `1`
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