Exit Zen
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../../principles/reliability.rst:336
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data frames carrying a SDU
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../../principles/sharing.rst:443
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The worst collision on a shared bus
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../../principles/transport.rst:542
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Interactions between the transport layer, its user, and its network layer provider
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ISP
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../../principles/network.rst:373 • ../../principles/network.rst:422 • ../../principles/network.rst:444
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none
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Furthermore, on the wired networks where CSMA/CD is used, collisions are almost the only cause of transmission errors that affect frames. Transmission errors that only affect a few bits inside a frame seldom occur in these wired networks. For this reason, the designers of CSMA/CD chose to completely remove the acknowledgment frames in the datalink layer. When a host transmits a frame, it verifies whether its transmission has been affected by a collision. If not, given the negligible Bit Error Ratio of the underlying network, it assumes that the frame was received correctly by its destination. Otherwise the frame is retransmitted after some delay.
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../../principles/transport.rst:544
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We have already described in the datalink layers mechanisms to deal with data losses and transmission errors. These techniques are also used in the transport layer.
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An Internet Service Provider, i.e. a network that provides Internet access to its clients.
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These two types of frames can be distinguished by dividing the frame in two parts :
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Removing acknowledgments is an interesting optimization as it reduces the number of frames that are exchanged on the network and the number of frames that need to be processed by the hosts. However, to use this optimization, we must ensure that all hosts will be able to detect all the collisions that affect their frames. The problem is important for short frames. Let us consider two hosts, A and B, that are sending a small frame to host C as illustrated in the figure below. If the frames sent by A and B are very short, the situation illustrated below may occur. Hosts A and B send their frame and stop transmitting (point `(1)`). When the two short frames arrive at the location of host C, they collide and host C cannot decode them (point `(2)`). The two frames are absorbed by the ends of the wire. Neither host A nor host B have detected the collision. They both consider their frame to have been received correctly by its destination.
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../../principles/transport.rst:548
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Connectionless transport
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ITU
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../../principles/network.rst:375
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West
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the `header` that contains one bit set to `0` in data frames and set to `1` in control frames
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../../principles/sharing.rst:456
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The short-frame collision problem
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../../principles/transport.rst:550
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The simplest service that can be provided in the transport layer is the connectionless transport service. Compared to the connectionless network layer service, this transport service includes two additional features :
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../../glossary.rst:41
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The International Telecommunication Union is a United Nation's agency whose purpose is to develop standards for the telecommunication industry. It was initially created to standardize the basic telephone system but expanded later towards data networks. The work within ITU is mainly done by network specialists from the telecommunication industry (operators and vendors). See https://www.itu.int for more information
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the payload that contains the SDU supplied by the application
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