Exit Zen
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../../principles/transport.rst:575
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Connection establishment
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../../glossary.rst:253
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MIME
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../../principles/network.rst:432 • ../../principles/network.rst:434
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->R4
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../../principles/reliability.rst:394
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Frames can be lost or unexpected frames can appear
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../../principles/sharing.rst:504
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The inter-frame delay used in this pseudo-code is a short delay corresponding to the time required by a network adapter to switch from transmit to receive mode. It is also used to prevent a host from sending a continuous stream of frames without leaving any transmission opportunities for other hosts on the network. This contributes to the fairness of CSMA/CD. Despite this delay, there are still conditions where CSMA/CD is not completely fair [RY1994]_. Consider for example a network with two hosts : a server sending long frames and a client sending acknowledgments. Measurements reported in [RY1994]_ have shown that there are situations where the client could suffer from repeated collisions that lead it to wait for long periods of time due to the exponential back-off algorithm.
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../../glossary.rst:255
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The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) defined in :rfc:`2045` are a set of extensions to the format of email messages that allow to use non-ASCII characters inside mail messages. A MIME message can be composed of several different parts each having a different format.
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../../principles/sharing.rst:507
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This name should not be confused with the duration of a transmission slot in slotted ALOHA. In CSMA/CD networks, the slot time is the time during which a collision can occur at the beginning of the transmission of a frame. In slotted ALOHA, the duration of a slot is the transmission time of an entire fixed-size frame.
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../../principles/transport.rst:579
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An important difference between the connectionless service and the connection-oriented one is that the transport entities in the latter maintain some state during lifetime of the connection. This state is created when a connection is established and is removed when it is released.
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../../glossary.rst:277
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MIME document
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../../principles/network.rst:442
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->R3
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../../principles/reliability.rst:399
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To deal with these types of imperfections, reliable protocols rely on different types of mechanisms. The first problem is transmission errors. Data transmission on a physical link can be affected by the following errors :
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../../principles/sharing.rst:513
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
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../../glossary.rst:279
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A MIME document is a document, encoded by using the :term:`MIME` format.
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../../principles/network.rst:447
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The figure below shows the path followed by the packets on the `R1->R3->R4->R2->R5` path in red with on each arrow the label used in the packets.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:401
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random isolated errors where the value of a single bit has been modified due to a transmission error
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../../principles/sharing.rst:515
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The `Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance` (CSMA/CA) Medium Access Control algorithm was designed for the popular WiFi wireless network technology [IEEE802.11]_. CSMA/CA also senses the transmission channel before transmitting a frame. Furthermore, CSMA/CA tries to avoid collisions by carefully tuning the timers used by CSMA/CA devices.
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../../glossary.rst:274
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minicomputer
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../../principles/network.rst:472
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MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) is the example of a deployed networking technology that relies on label switching. MPLS is more complex than the above description because it has been designed to be easily integrated with datagram technologies. However, the principles remain. `Asynchronous Transfer Mode` (ATM) and Frame Relay are other examples of technologies that rely on `label switching`.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:402
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random burst errors where the values of `n` consecutive bits have been changed due to transmission errors
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../../principles/sharing.rst:520
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CSMA/CA uses acknowledgments like CSMA. Each frame contains a sequence number and a CRC. The CRC is used to detect transmission errors while the sequence number is used to avoid frame duplication. When a device receives a correct frame, it returns a special acknowledgment frame to the sender. CSMA/CA introduces a small delay, named `Short Inter Frame Spacing` (SIFS), between the reception of a frame and the transmission of the acknowledgment frame. This delay corresponds to the time that is required to switch the radio of a device between the reception and transmission modes.
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