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24 ../../protocols/udp.rst:83

	English Several types of applications rely on UDP. As a rule of thumb, UDP is used for applications where delay must be minimized or losses can be recovered by the application itself. A first class of the UDP-based applications are applications where the client sends a short request and expects a quick and short answer. The :term:`DNS` is an example of a UDP application that is often used in the wide area. However, in local area networks, many distributed systems rely on Remote Procedure Call (:term:`RPC`) that is often used on top of UDP. In Unix environments, the Network File System (:term:`NFS`) is built on top of RPC and runs frequently on top of UDP. A second class of UDP-based applications are the interactive computer games that need to frequently exchange small messages, such as the player's location or their recent actions. Many of these games use UDP to minimize the delay and can recover from losses. A third class of applications are multimedia applications such as interactive Voice over IP or interactive Video over IP. These interactive applications expect a delay shorter than about 200 milliseconds between the sender and the receiver and can recover from losses directly inside the application. 1215/10000 · 1215
24 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:24 • ../../protocols/wifi.rst:25

	English 38/140 6/10000 · 6
24 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:220

	English Operating systems enable linking a socket to a remote address so that every information sent through the socket will only be sent to this remote address, and the socket will only receive messages sent by this remote address. This can be done using the ``connect`` system call shown below. 288/10000 · 288
24 ../../bibliography.rst:34

	English Bush, V. `As we may think <http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1969/12/as-we-may-think/3881/>`_ The Atlantic Monthly 176 (July 1945), pp. 101–108 153/10000 · 153
25 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:560

	English If hosts `A` and `B` send to `D` 1000 bits segments and use a sending window of four segments, what is the maximum throughput that they can achieve ? 149/10000 · 149
25 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:226

	English This system call will assign the socket ``sockfd`` to the ``addr`` remote socket address. The process can then use the ``send`` and ``write`` system calls that do not to specify the destination socket address. Furthermore, the calls to ``recv`` and ``read`` will only deliver messages sent by this remote address. This is useful when we only care about the other peer messages. 377/10000 · 377
25 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:205

	English network layer entities exchange packets 41/10000 · 41
25 ../../principles/reliability.rst:66

	English On the receiver side : 22/10000 · 22
25 ../../exercises/network.rst:217 • ../../exercises/network.rst:247

	English The network operator would like to use the following paths : 60/10000 · 60
25 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:51

	English the Internet checksum used by UDP, TCP and other Internet protocols which is defined in :rfc:`1071` and implemented in various libraries. 137/10000 · 137
25 ../../glossary.rst:26

	English a transmission mode where is same information is sent to all nodes in the network 81/10000 · 81
25 ../../exercises/transport.rst:161

	English Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
25 ../../principles/transport.rst:75

	English Application-layer protocols exchange two types of messages. Some protocols such as those used to support electronic mail exchange messages expressed as strings or lines of characters. As the transport layer allows hosts to exchange bytes, they need to agree on a common representation of the characters. The first and simplest method to encode characters is to use the :term:`ASCII` table. :rfc:`20` provides the ASCII table that is used by many protocols on the Internet. For example, the table defines the following binary representations : 542/10000 · 542
25 ../../principles/security.rst:316

	English Various secret key cryptographic functions have been proposed, implemented and deployed. The most popular ones are : 116/10000 · 116
25 ../../exercises/dns.rst:75

	English Imagine an attacker who is able to send forged DNS replies to, for example, associate `www.bigbank.com` to his own IP address. How could he attack a DNS implementation that 172/10000 · 172
25 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:227

	English router ``R1`` uses address ``2001:db8:1341:1::1`` on its West interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:12::1`` on its East interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:14::1`` on its South-East interface and address ``2001:db8:1341:13::1`` on its South interface 246/10000 · 246
25 ../../exercises/lan.rst:293

	English :manpage:`brctl(8)` also maintains a MAC address table that contains the Ethernet addresses that have been learned on each switch port. 135/10000 · 135
25 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:213

	English An ICMPv6 error message includes in its message body the beginning of the IPv6 packet that triggered this error. How many bytes of the original packet must be returned to allow the host to recover the original source and destination addresses and source and destination ports of the packet that caused the error ? 313/10000 · 313
25 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:336

	English As RIP messages are exchanged using UDP on port 521, we filter this port in the tcpdump_ trace. RIPng distributes the routes and our two hosts can exchange packets. The entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/ripng.py`. 251/10000 · 251
25 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:142

	English The complete packetdrill_ script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/connect.pkt`. 106/10000 · 106

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