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25 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:205

	English network layer entities exchange packets 41/10000 · 41
25 ../../principles/reliability.rst:66

	English On the receiver side : 22/10000 · 22
25 ../../exercises/network.rst:217 • ../../exercises/network.rst:247

	English The network operator would like to use the following paths : 60/10000 · 60
25 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:51

	English the Internet checksum used by UDP, TCP and other Internet protocols which is defined in :rfc:`1071` and implemented in various libraries. 137/10000 · 137
25 ../../glossary.rst:26

	English a transmission mode where is same information is sent to all nodes in the network 81/10000 · 81
25 ../../exercises/transport.rst:161

	English Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
25 ../../principles/transport.rst:75

	English Application-layer protocols exchange two types of messages. Some protocols such as those used to support electronic mail exchange messages expressed as strings or lines of characters. As the transport layer allows hosts to exchange bytes, they need to agree on a common representation of the characters. The first and simplest method to encode characters is to use the :term:`ASCII` table. :rfc:`20` provides the ASCII table that is used by many protocols on the Internet. For example, the table defines the following binary representations : 542/10000 · 542
25 ../../principles/security.rst:316

	English Various secret key cryptographic functions have been proposed, implemented and deployed. The most popular ones are : 116/10000 · 116
25 ../../exercises/dns.rst:75

	English Imagine an attacker who is able to send forged DNS replies to, for example, associate `www.bigbank.com` to his own IP address. How could he attack a DNS implementation that 172/10000 · 172
25 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:227

	English router ``R1`` uses address ``2001:db8:1341:1::1`` on its West interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:12::1`` on its East interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:14::1`` on its South-East interface and address ``2001:db8:1341:13::1`` on its South interface 246/10000 · 246
25 ../../exercises/lan.rst:293

	English :manpage:`brctl(8)` also maintains a MAC address table that contains the Ethernet addresses that have been learned on each switch port. 135/10000 · 135
25 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:213

	English An ICMPv6 error message includes in its message body the beginning of the IPv6 packet that triggered this error. How many bytes of the original packet must be returned to allow the host to recover the original source and destination addresses and source and destination ports of the packet that caused the error ? 313/10000 · 313
25 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:336

	English As RIP messages are exchanged using UDP on port 521, we filter this port in the tcpdump_ trace. RIPng distributes the routes and our two hosts can exchange packets. The entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/ripng.py`. 251/10000 · 251
25 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:142

	English The complete packetdrill_ script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/connect.pkt`. 106/10000 · 106
25 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:80

	English the `ranking` algorithm that is used to select the best route among all the routes that the domain has received towards the same destination prefix 147/10000 · 147
25 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:124

	English If TCP acknowledgments are overloaded to carry the `ECE` bit, the situation is different. Consider the example shown in the figure below. A client sends packets to a server through a router. In the example below, the first packet is marked. The server returns an acknowledgment with the `ECE` bit set. Unfortunately, this acknowledgment is lost and never reaches the client. Shortly after, the server sends a data segment that also carries a cumulative acknowledgment. This acknowledgment confirms the reception of the data to the client, but it did not receive the congestion information through the `ECE` bit. 611/10000 · 611
25 ../../protocols/dnssec.rst:277

	English The simplest way to allow a DNSSEC server to return signed negative responses would be for the server to return a signed response that contains the received query and some information indicating the error. The client could then easily check the validity of the negative response. Unfortunately, this would force the DNSSEC server to generate signatures in real time. This implies that the private key must be stored in the server memory, which leads to risks if an attacker can take control of the server. Furthermore, those signatures are computationally complex and a simple denial of service attack would be to send invalid queries to a DNSSEC server. 654/10000 · 654
25 ../../protocols/email.rst:127

	English the `In-reply-to:` header line is used when a message was created in reply to a previous message. In this case, the end of the `In-reply-to:` line contains the identifier of the original message. 195/10000 · 195
25 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:164

	English The evolution of Ethernet did not stop. In 1998, the IEEE published a first standard to provide Gigabit Ethernet over optical fibers. Several other types of physical layers were added afterwards. The `10 Gigabit Ethernet <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_gigabit_Ethernet>`_ standard appeared in 2002. Work is ongoing to develop `standards <http://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/public/index.html>`_ for 40 Gigabit and 100 Gigabit Ethernet and some are thinking about `Terabit Ethernet <http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/042009-terabit-ethernet.html>`_. The table below lists the main Ethernet standards. A more detailed list may be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer. 688/10000 · 688
25 ../../protocols/http.rst:114

	English The third component of the `world wide web` is the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is a text-based protocol like SMTP. The client sends a request and the server returns a response. HTTP runs above the bytestream service and HTTP servers listen by default on port `80`. The design of HTTP has largely been inspired by the Internet email protocols. Each HTTP request contains three parts : 396/10000 · 396

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