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3 ../../protocols/routing.rst:14

	English Organisation of a small Internet 32/10000 · 32
3 ../../protocols/rpc.rst:10

	English In traditional programming languages, `procedure calls` allow programmers to better structure their code. Each procedure is identified by a name, a return type and a set of parameters. When a procedure is called, the current flow of program execution is diverted to execute the procedure. This procedure uses the provided parameters to perform its computation and returns one or more values. This programming model was designed with a single host in mind. In a nutshell, most programming languages support it as follows : 521/10000 · 521
3 ../../protocols/ssh.rst:28

	English From a security viewpoint, the main drawback of :term:`telnet` is that all the information, including the usernames, passwords and commands, is sent in cleartext over a TCP connection. This implies that an eavesdropper could easily capture the passwords used by anyone on an unprotected network. Various software tools exist to automate this collection of information. For this reason, :term:`telnet` is rarely used today to access remote computers. It is usually replaced by :term:`ssh` or similar protocols. 509/10000 · 509
3 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:14

	English TCP provides a reliable bytestream, connection-oriented transport service on top of the unreliable connectionless network service provided by :term:`IP`. TCP is used by a large number of applications, including : 212/10000 · 212
3 ../../protocols/tls.rst:17

	English The TLS protocol was designed to be usable by a wide range of applications that use the transport layer to reliably exchange information. TLS is mainly used over the TCP protocol. There are variants of TLS that operate over SCTP :rfc:`3436` or UDP :rfc:`6347`, but these are outside the scope of this chapter. 310/10000 · 310
3 ../../protocols/transport-service.rst:10

	English the `connectionless` service 28/10000 · 28
3 ../../protocols/transport.rst:11

	English Several transport protocols have been designed to provide a richer service to the applications. The two most widely deployed transport protocols on the Internet are the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A third important transport protocol, the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) :rfc:`4960` appeared in the early 2000s. It is currently used by some particular applications such as signaling in Voice over IP networks. SCTP was described in the second edition of the e-book. 523/10000 · 523
3 ../../protocols/udp.rst:13

	English the UDP service cannot deliver SDUs that are larger than 65467 bytes [#fmtuudp]_ 80/10000 · 80
3 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:9

	English In the 1970s, after the first experiments with ALOHANet, interest in wireless networks grew. Many experiments were done on and outside the ARPANet. One of these experiments was the `first mobile phone <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm>`_ , which was developed and tested in 1973. This experimental mobile phone was the starting point for the first generation analog mobile phones. Given the growing demand for mobile phones, it was clear that the analog mobile phone technology was not sufficient to support a large number of users. To support more users and new services, researchers in several countries worked on the development of digital mobile telephones. In 1987, several European countries decided to develop the standards for a common cellular telephone system across Europe : the `Global System for Mobile Communications` (GSM). Since then, the standards have evolved and more than three billion users are connected to GSM networks today. 979/10000 · 979
3 ../../exercises/network.rst:15

	English Multiple-choice questions 25/10000 · 25
3 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:13

	English Consider a `b` bits per second link between two hosts that has a propagation delay of `t` seconds. Derive a formula that computes the time elapsed between the transmission of the first bit of a `d` bytes frame from a sending host and the reception of the last bit of this frame on the receiving host. 300/10000 · 300
3 ../../exercises/transport.rst:14

	English Multiple choices questions 26/10000 · 26
3 ../../protocols/dns.rst:12

	English The last component of the Domain Name System is the DNS protocol. The original DNS protocol runs above both the datagram and the bytestream services. In practice, the datagram service is used when short queries and responses are exchanged, and the bytestream service is used when longer responses are expected. In this section, we first focus on the utilization of the DNS protocol above the datagram service. We will discuss later other recently proposed protocols to carry DNS information. 491/10000 · 491
3 ../../principles/transport.rst:12

	English There are two important models used to organize a networked application. The first and oldest model is the client-server model. In this model, a server provides services to clients that exchange information with it. This model is highly asymmetrical: clients send requests and servers perform actions and return responses. It is illustrated in the figure below. 361/10000 · 361
4 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:96

	English Networked applications were usually implemented by using the :term:`socket` :term:`API`. This API was designed when TCP/IP was first implemented in the `Unix BSD`_ operating system [Sechrest]_ [LFJLMT]_, and has served as the model for many APIs between applications and the networking stack in an operating system. Although the socket API is very popular, other APIs have also been developed. For example, the STREAMS API has been added to several Unix System V variants [Rago1993]_. The socket API is supported by most programming languages and several textbooks have been devoted to it. Users of the C language can consult [DC2009]_, [Stevens1998]_, [SFR2004]_ or [Kerrisk2010]_. The Java implementation of the socket API is described in [CD2008]_ and in the `Java tutorial <http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/networking/sockets/index.html>`_. In this section, we will use the C socket API to illustrate the key concepts. 929/10000 · 929
4 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:17

	English To understand the operation of Medium Access Control algorithms, it is often interesting to use a geometric representation of the transmission of frames on a shared medium. This representation is suitable if the communicating devices are attached to a single cable. Consider a simple scenario with a host connected at one end of a cable. For simplicity, let us consider a cable that has a length of one kilometer. Let us also consider that the propagation delay of the electrical signal is five microseconds per kilometer. The figure below shows the transmission of a 2000 bits frame at 100 Mbps by host A on the cable. 619/10000 · 619
4 ../../exercises/intro.rst:12

	English A good understanding of the topics covered by this e-book can only be obtained by solving the proposed exercises. Reading the e-book from the first to the last page is not sufficient to get a detailed knowledge of computer networking. 234/10000 · 234
4 ../../principles/network.rst:15

	English The main objective of the network layer is to allow hosts, connected to different networks, to exchange information through intermediate systems called :term:`router`. The unit of information in the network layer is called a :term:`packet`. 240/10000 · 240
4 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:15

	English Transmission links have sometimes different upstream and downstream bandwidths. A typical example are access networks that use ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines). Consider two hosts connected via an ADSL link having an upstream bandwidth of 1 Mbps and a downstream bandwidth of 50 Mbps. The propagation delay between the two hosts is 10 milliseconds. What is the maximum throughput, expressed in frames/second, that the alternating bit protocol can obtain on this link if each data frame has a length of 125 bytes and acknowledgments are 25 bytes long. Same question if the protocol is modified to support 1500 bytes long data frames. 642/10000 · 642
4 ../../glossary.rst:180

	English AIMD 4/10000 · 4

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