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4 ../../principles/network.rst:15
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The main objective of the network layer is to allow hosts, connected to different networks, to exchange information through intermediate systems called :term:`router`. The unit of information in the network layer is called a :term:`packet`. 240/10000 · 240
4 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:15
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Transmission links have sometimes different upstream and downstream bandwidths. A typical example are access networks that use ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines). Consider two hosts connected via an ADSL link having an upstream bandwidth of 1 Mbps and a downstream bandwidth of 50 Mbps. The propagation delay between the two hosts is 10 milliseconds. What is the maximum throughput, expressed in frames/second, that the alternating bit protocol can obtain on this link if each data frame has a length of 125 bytes and acknowledgments are 25 bytes long. Same question if the protocol is modified to support 1500 bytes long data frames. 642/10000 · 642
4 ../../glossary.rst:180
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — AIMD 4/10000 · 4
4 ../../exercises/transport.rst:20
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Open questions 14/10000 · 14
4 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:19
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The five layers reference model 31/10000 · 31
4 ../../principles/reliability.rst:31
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — To enable the two hosts to exchange information, they need to be linked together by some kind of physical media. Computer networks have used various types of physical media to exchange information, notably : 207/10000 · 207
4 ../../principles/security.rst:46
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Alice and Bob 13/10000 · 13
4 ../../exercises/dns.rst:17
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a key role in the Internet today as it allows applications to use fully qualified domain names (FQDN) instead of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. When using the DNS, it is important to remember the role of the different types of DNS records. 267/10000 · 267
4 ../../exercises/email.rst:10
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — it is often easy to write a small prototype that implements a part of the protocol 82/10000 · 82
4 ../../exercises/http.rst:19
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Instead of using `telnet` on port 80, it is also possible to use a command-line tool such as curl_. Use curl_ with the `--trace-ascii tracefile` option to store in `tracefile` all the information exchanged by curl_ when accessing the server. 241/10000 · 241
4 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:15
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — An IPv6 forwarding table contains a list of IPv6 prefixes with their associated nexthop or outgoing interface. When an IPv6 router receives a packet, it forwards it according to its forwarding table. Note that IPv6 routers forward packets along the *longest match* between the destination address of the packet and the routes in the forwarding table. 350/10000 · 350
4 ../../exercises/lan.rst:26
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Fig. 1. A small network composed of Ethernet switches 53/10000 · 53
4 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:56
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In this network, what are the paths : 37/10000 · 37
4 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:15
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — We first use IPMininet_ to explore the operation of OSPFv3, the version of OSPF that supports IPv6. We create a simple network with three routers and two hosts as shown in the figure below. 189/10000 · 189
4 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:16
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Packet capture tools like tcpdump_ and Wireshark_ are very useful to observe the segments that transport protocols exchange. TCP is a complex protocol that has evolved a lot since its first specification :rfc:`793`. TCP includes a large number of heuristics that influence the reaction of a TCP implementation to various types of events. A TCP implementation interacts with the application through the ``socket`` API. 417/10000 · 417
4 ../../exercises/tcp.rst:37
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A connection ends with the transmission of segments that include the `FIN` flag that marks the end of the data transfer. 120/10000 · 120
4 ../../exercises/tls.rst:24
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is now used by a wide range of applications, even if the most popular one is HTTPS. In the exercises below, you will analyze some of the features of TLS by looking at the packets that are exchanged over a TLS session. 261/10000 · 261
4 ../../exercises/trace.rst:12
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — tcpdump_ is probably one of the most well known packet capture software. It is able to both capture packets and display their content. tcpdump_ is a text-based tool that can display the value of the most important fields of the captured packets. Additional information about tcpdump_ may be found in :manpage:`tcpdump(1)`. 322/10000 · 322
4 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:17
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Transit and stub domains 24/10000 · 24
4 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:17
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — TCP's congestion control scheme is based on a `congestion window`. The current value of the congestion window (`cwnd`) is stored in the TCB of each TCP connection and the window that can be used by the sender is constrained by :math:`\min(cwnd,rwin,swin)` where :math:`swin` is the current sending window and :math:`rwin` the last received receive window. The `Additive Increase` part of the TCP congestion control increments the congestion window by :term:`MSS` bytes every round-trip-time. In the TCP literature, this phase is often called the `congestion avoidance` phase. The `Multiplicative Decrease` part of the TCP congestion control divides the current value of the congestion window once congestion has been detected. 726/10000 · 726