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38 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:93
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 802.11 devices exchange variable length frames, which have a slightly different structure than the simple frame format used in Ethernet LANs. We review the key parts of the 802.11 frames. Additional details may be found in [IEEE802.11]_ and [Gast2002]_ . An 802.11 frame contains a fixed length header, a variable length payload that may contain up 2324 bytes of user data and a 32 bits CRC. Although the payload can contain up to 2324 bytes, most 802.11 deployments use a maximum payload size of 1500 bytes as they are used in `infrastructure` networks attached to Ethernet LANs. An 802.11 data frame is shown below. 617/10000 · 617
38 ../../principles/naming.rst:154
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Until February 2008, the root DNS servers only had IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses were slowly added to the root DNS servers to avoid creating problems as discussed in http://www.icann.org/en/committees/security/sac018.pdf As of February 2021, there remain a few DNS root servers that are still not reachable using IPv6. The full list is available at http://www.root-servers.org/ 378/10000 · 378
39 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:645
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Like ALOHA, CSMA relies on acknowledgments to detect where a frame has been correctly received. When a host senses an idle channel, if should transmit its frame immediately. How should it react if it detects that another host is already transmitting ? Consider two options : 274/10000 · 274
39 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:303
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Now, we have built everything we need to send a message to the remote program. The ``create_socket_and_send_message`` function below assembles all the building blocks we created until now in order to send the message ``"hello"`` to the program running on port ``55555`` on the computer identified by the ``::1`` IPv6 address. 325/10000 · 325
39 ../../exercises/network.rst:341
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Let us now consider the transient problems that mainly happen when the network topology changes. For this, consider the network topology shown in the figure below and assume that all routers use a distance vector protocol that uses split horizon. 246/10000 · 246
39 ../../glossary.rst:313
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The most widely used LAN technology. 36/10000 · 36
39 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:76
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Is it possible for a go-back-n receiver to inter-operate with a selective-repeat sender ? Justify your answer. 110/10000 · 110
39 ../../principles/reliability.rst:189
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — All the functions related to the physical transmission or information through a wire (or a wireless link) are usually known as the `physical layer`. The physical layer allows thus two or more entities that are directly attached to the same transmission medium to exchange bits. Being able to exchange bits is important as virtually any information can be encoded as a sequence of bits. Electrical engineers are used to processing streams of bits, but computer scientists usually prefer to deal with higher level concepts. A similar issue arises with file storage. Storage devices such as hard-disks also store streams of bits. There are hardware devices that process the bit stream produced by a hard-disk, but computer scientists have designed filesystems to allow applications to easily access such storage devices. These filesystems are typically divided into several layers as well. Hard-disks store sectors of 512 bytes or more. Unix filesystems group sectors in larger blocks that can contain data or `inodes` representing the structure of the filesystem. Finally, applications manipulate files and directories that are translated in blocks, sectors and eventually bits by the operating system. 1200/10000 · 1200
39 ../../principles/transport.rst:101
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Besides character strings, some applications also need to exchange 16 bits and 32 bits fields such as integers. A naive solution would have been to send the 16- or 32-bits field as it is encoded in the host's memory. Unfortunately, there are different methods to store 16- or 32-bits fields in memory. Some CPUs store the most significant byte of a 16-bits field in the first address of the field while others store the least significant byte at this location. When networked applications running on different CPUs exchange 16 bits fields, there are two possibilities to transfer them over the transport service : 613/10000 · 613
39 ../../principles/security.rst:396
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) algorithm [#frsa]_ proposed in [RSA1978]_ that relies on modular exponentiation with large integers. 132/10000 · 132
39 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:399
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — on router ``R4`` 16/10000 · 16
39 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:454
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `addDaemon` method adds a BGP daemon on each router and configures it to advertise the IPv6 prefix allocated to this AS. We then create all the links and manually assign one IPv6 subnet to each link and one IPv6 address to each interface. For the interdomain links, we use an IPv6 prefix that belongs to one of the attached ASes. 333/10000 · 333
39 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:459
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Some TCP clients use delayed acknowledgments and send a TCP acknowledgment after after second in-sequence segment. This behavior is illustrated in the script below. This script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/slow-start-delayed.pkt`. 261/10000 · 261
39 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:126
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `UPDATE`: this message is used to advertise new or modified routes or to withdraw previously advertised routes. 111/10000 · 111
39 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:203
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — However, given the regular losses that we consider, the number of segments that are sent between two losses (i.e. during a cycle) is by definition equal to :math:`\frac{1}{p}`. Thus, :math:`W=\sqrt{\frac{8}{3 \times p}}=\frac{k}{\sqrt{p}}`. The throughput (in bytes per second) of the TCP connection is equal to the number of segments transmitted divided by the duration of the cycle : 385/10000 · 385
39 ../../protocols/email.rst:210
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `Content-Type:` header can also be used inside a MIME part. In this case, it indicates the type of data placed in this part. Each data type is specified as a type followed by a subtype. A detailed description may be found in :rfc:`2046`. Some of the most popular `Content-Type:` header lines are : 301/10000 · 301
39 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:176
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Two multi-mode optical fiber, 2 km maximum 42/10000 · 42
39 ../../protocols/http.rst:159
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the `Content-Type:` header is the :term:`MIME` header that indicates the type of the attached MIME document. HTML pages use the `text/html` type. 145/10000 · 145
39 ../../protocols/http2.rst:266
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
39 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:130
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — IPv6 supports unicast, multicast and anycast addresses. An IPv6 unicast address is used to identify one datalink-layer interface on a host. If a host has several datalink layer interfaces (e.g. an Ethernet interface and a WiFi interface), then it needs several IPv6 addresses. In general, an IPv6 unicast address is structured as shown in the figure below. 356/10000 · 356