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39 ../../bibliography.rst:56
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Diffie, W., Hellman, M., `New directions in cryptography`, in Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.6, pp.644-654, Nov 1976, https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1976.1055638 184/10000 · 184
39 ../../principles/sharing.rst:238
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `Tail drop` is the simplest packet discard technique. When a buffer is full, the arriving packet is discarded. `Tail drop` can be easily implemented. This is, by far, the most widely used packet discard mechanism. However, it suffers from two important drawbacks. First, since `tail drop` discards packets only when the buffer is full, buffers tend to be congested and real-time applications may suffer from increased delays. Second, `tail drop` is blind when it discards a packet. It may discard a packet from a low bandwidth interactive flow while most of the buffer is used by large file transfers. 601/10000 · 601
40 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:647
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the host continues to listen until the communication channel becomes free. It transmits as soon as the communication channel becomes free. 138/10000 · 138
40 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:324
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Note that we can reuse our ``send_hello_to_peer`` function without any modification as we wrote it to handle any kind of sockets, including sockets using the IPv6 network protocol. 180/10000 · 180
40 ../../exercises/network.rst:365
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — If you compute the routing tables of all routers in this network, you would obtain a table such as the table below : 116/10000 · 116
40 ../../glossary.rst:305
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — file transfer 13/10000 · 13
40 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:78
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Is it possible for a selective-repeat receiver to inter-operate with a go-back-n sender ? Justify your answer. 110/10000 · 110
40 ../../principles/network.rst:234
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The first technique assumes that the underlying network topology is a tree. A tree is the simplest network to be considered when forwarding packets. The main advantage of using a tree is that there is only one path between any pair of nodes inside the network. Since a tree does not contain any cycle, it is impossible to have forwarding loops in a tree-shaped network. 369/10000 · 369
40 ../../principles/reliability.rst:193
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Computer networks use a similar approach. Each layer provides a service that is built above the underlying layer and is closer to the needs of the applications. The datalink layer builds upon the service provided by the physical layer. We will see that it also contains several functions. 288/10000 · 288
40 ../../principles/transport.rst:103
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — send the most significant byte followed by the least significant byte 69/10000 · 69
40 ../../principles/security.rst:398
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Elliptic Curve Cryptography techniques [#fecc]_ that rely on special properties of elliptic curves. 103/10000 · 103
40 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:416
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — on router ``R6`` 16/10000 · 16
40 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:491
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The last step is to specify to which AS each router belongs and to configure the eBGP sessions and their routing policies. IPMininet_ abstracts most of the complexity of the configuration of these policies by supporting two policies 232/10000 · 232
40 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:502
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — We can now explore how TCP's retransmission techniques interact with the congestion control scheme. The Linux TCP code that combines these two techniques contains several heuristics to improve their performance. We start with a transfer of 8KBytes where the penultimate segment is not received by the remote host. In this case, TCP does not receive enough acknowledgments to trigger the fast retransmit and it must wait for the expiration of the retransmission timer. This script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/slow-start-rto2.pkt`. 561/10000 · 561
40 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:127
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `KEEPALIVE` : this message is used to ensure a regular exchange of messages on the BGP session, even when no route changes. When a BGP router has not sent an `UPDATE` message during the last 30 seconds, it shall send a `KEEPALIVE` message to confirm to the other peer that it is still up. If a peer does not receive any BGP message during a period of 90 seconds [#fdefaultkeepalive]_, the BGP session is considered to be down and all the routes learned over this session are withdrawn. 485/10000 · 485
40 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:205
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — :math:`Throughput=\frac{area \times MSS}{time} = \frac{ \frac{3 \times W^2}{8}}{\frac{W}{2} \times rtt}` or, after having eliminated `W`, :math:`Throughput=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \times \frac{MSS}{rtt \times \sqrt{p}}` 214/10000 · 214
40 ../../protocols/email.rst:212
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `text`. The message part contains information in textual format. There are several subtypes : `text/plain` for regular ASCII text, `text/html` defined in :rfc:`2854` for documents in :term:`HTML` format or the `text/enriched` format defined in :rfc:`1896`. The `Content-Type:` header line may contain a second parameter that specifies the character set used to encode the text. `charset=us-ascii` is the standard ASCII character table. Other frequent character sets include `charset=UTF8` or `charset=iso-8859-1`. The `list of standard character sets <http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets>`_ is maintained by :term:`IANA`. 633/10000 · 633
40 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:177
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 1000Base-CX 11/10000 · 11
40 ../../protocols/http.rst:160
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the `Content-Encoding:` header indicates how the :term:`MIME document` has been encoded. For example, this header would be set to `x-gzip` for a document compressed using the gzip_ software. 190/10000 · 190
40 ../../protocols/http2.rst:267
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_pipelining for additional information. 77/10000 · 77