cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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43 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:212

	English TCP connections that use a large MSS can achieve a higher throughput that the TCP connections that use a shorter MSS. This creates another source of unfairness between TCP connections. However, it should be noted that today most hosts are using almost the same MSS, roughly 1460 bytes. 285/10000 · 285
43 ../../protocols/email.rst:215

	English `video`. The message part contains a video clip. The subtype indicates the format of the video clip like `avi <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave>`_ or `mp4 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp4>`_. 211/10000 · 211
43 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:178

	English Two multi-mode or single mode optical fibers with lasers 56/10000 · 56
43 ../../protocols/http.rst:165

	English the `Date:` header indicates when the HTTP response has been produced by the server. 84/10000 · 84
43 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:157

	English An `interface identifier` that identifies a particular interface on a host 74/10000 · 74
43 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:171

	English 10Base5 7/10000 · 7
43 ../../protocols/routing.rst:141

	English Network operators expect an OSPF network to be able to quickly recover from link or router failures [VPD2004]_. In an OSPF network, the recovery after a failure is performed in three steps [FFEB2005]_ : 202/10000 · 202
43 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:135

	English Establishment of a TCP connection 33/10000 · 33
43 ../../protocols/tls.rst:192

	English the ``ServerHello`` message that contains the protocol version chosen by the server (assumed to be the same as the client version in this chapter), the 32 random bytes chosen by the server, the `Cipher Suite` selected by the server from the list advertised by the client and a `Session Id`. This `Session Id` is an identifier which is chosen by the server. It identifies the TLS session and the security parameters (algorithms and keys) negotiated for this session. It is used to support session resumption. 507/10000 · 507
43 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:109

	English 802.11 control frames are simpler than data frames. They contain a `Frame Control`, a `Duration` field and one or two addresses. The acknowledgment frames are very small. They only contain the address of the destination of the acknowledgment. There is no source address and no `Sequence Control` field in the acknowledgment frames. This is because the acknowledgment frame can easily be associated to the previous frame that it acknowledges. Indeed, each unicast data frame contains a `Duration` field that is used to reserve the transmission channel to ensure that no collision will affect the acknowledgment frame. The `Sequence Control` field is mainly used by the receiver to remove duplicate frames. Duplicate frames are detected as follows. Each data frame contains a 12 bits sequence number in the `Sequence Control` field and the `Frame Control` field contains the `Retry` bit flag that is set when a frame is transmitted. Each 802.11 receiver stores the most recent sequence number received from each source address in frames whose `Retry` bit is reset. Upon reception of a frame with the `Retry` bit set, the receiver verifies its sequence number to determine whether it is a duplicated frame or not. 1211/10000 · 1211
43 ../../principles/network.rst:242

	English To understand the operation of the port-address table, let us consider the example network shown in the figure below. This network contains three hosts: `A`, `B` and `C` and five routers, `R1` to `R5`. When the network boots, all the forwarding tables of the nodes are empty. 275/10000 · 275
43 ../../bibliography.rst:60

	English Dukkipati, N., Refice, T., Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Herbert, T., Agarwal, A., Jain, A., Sutin, N., `An Argument for Increasing TCP's Initial Congestion Window <https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1823844.1823848>`_, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, vol. 40 (2010), pp. 27-33 271/10000 · 271
44 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:333

	English send the least significant byte followed by the most significant byte 69/10000 · 69
44 ../../exercises/network.rst:369

	English Routes on C 11/10000 · 11
44 ../../glossary.rst:217

	English Frame-Relay 11/10000 · 11
44 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:278

	English There is now a rough consensus for the greater use of the Unicode_ character format. Unicode can represent more than 100,000 different characters from the known written languages on Earth. Maybe one day, all computers will only use Unicode to represent all their stored characters and Unicode could become the standard format to exchange characters, but we are not yet at this stage today. 389/10000 · 389
44 ../../principles/reliability.rst:208

	English If the physical layer were perfect, the problem would be very simple. We would simply need to define how to encode each frame as a sequence of consecutive bits. The receiver would then easily be able to extract the frames from the received bits. Unfortunately, the imperfections of the physical layer make this framing problem slightly more complex. Several solutions have been proposed and are used in practice in different network technologies. 446/10000 · 446
44 ../../principles/sharing.rst:248

	English In virtual circuit networks, packet marking can be improved if the return packets follow the reverse path of the forward packets. It this case, a network node can detect congestion on the forward path (e.g. due to the size of its buffer), but mark the packets on the return path. Marking the return packets (e.g. the acknowledgments used by reliable protocols) provides a faster feedback to the sending hosts compared to FECN. This technique is usually called `Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN)`. 511/10000 · 511
44 ../../principles/transport.rst:114

	English Message format 14/10000 · 14
44 ../../principles/security.rst:447

	English MD5, originally proposed in :rfc:`1321`. It has been used in a wide range of applications. In 2010, attacks against MD5 were published and this hash function is now deprecated. 176/10000 · 176

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