cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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52 ../../principles/sharing.rst:350

	English Based on the feedback received from the network, the hosts can adjust their transmission rate. We discuss in section `Congestion control` some techniques that allow hosts to react to congestion. 194/10000 · 194
52 ../../principles/transport.rst:179

	English There are several possible implementations of the connectionless service. Before studying these realizations, it is useful to discuss the possible characteristics of the connectionless service. A `reliable connectionless service` is a service where the service provider guarantees that all SDUs submitted in `Data.requests` by a user will eventually be delivered to their destination. Such a service would be very useful for users, but guaranteeing perfect delivery is difficult in practice. For this reason, network layers usually support an `unreliable connectionless service`. 579/10000 · 579
52 ../../principles/security.rst:516

	English To counter this replay attack, we need to ensure that Alice never sends the same information twice to Bob. A possible mode of operation is shown below. 151/10000 · 151
52 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:484

	English When creating these forwarding tables, try to minimize the number of entries that you install on each router. 109/10000 · 109
52 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:649

	English In these exercises, we mainly consider the ``show`` that extracts information from the BGP daemon. We type `show bgp` and press the `tabulation` key to see the available commands in the `show bgp`. 197/10000 · 197
52 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:649

	English To understand the operation of the TCP congestion control, it is often useful to write time-sequence diagrams for different scenarios. The example below shows the operation of the TCP congestion control scheme in a very simple scenario. The initial congestion window (``cwnd``) is set to 1000 bytes and the receive window (``rwin``) advertised by the receiver (supposed constant for the entire connection) is set to 2000 bytes. The slow-start threshold (``ssthresh``) is set to 64000 bytes. 490/10000 · 490
52 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:162

	English the `Local Routing Information Base` (`Loc-RIB`) contains all the routes that are considered as acceptable by the router. The `Loc-RIB` may contain several routes, learned from different BGP peers, towards the same destination prefix. 234/10000 · 234
52 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:229

	English A wide range of congestion control schemes have been proposed in the scientific literature and several of them have been widely deployed. A detailed comparison of these congestion control schemes is outside the scope of this chapter. A recent survey paper describing many of the implemented TCP congestion control schemes may be found in [TKU2019]_. 349/10000 · 349
52 ../../protocols/email.rst:232

	English A 1/10000 · 1
52 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:199

	English The attentive reader may question the need for different `EtherTypes` for IPv4 and IPv6 while the IP header already contains a version field that can be used to distinguish between IPv4 and IPv6 packets. Theoretically, IPv4 and IPv6 could have used the same `EtherType`. Unfortunately, developers of the early IPv6 implementations found that some devices did not check the version field of the IPv4 packets that they received and parsed frames whose `EtherType` was set to `0x0800` as IPv4 packets. Sending IPv6 packets to such devices would have caused disruptions. To avoid this problem, the IETF decided to apply for a distinct `EtherType` value for IPv6. Such a choice is now mandated by :rfc:`6274` (section 3.1), although we can find a funny counter-example in :rfc:`6214`. 779/10000 · 779
52 ../../protocols/http.rst:183

	English By parsing this line, a server cannot determine which `index.html` file is requested. Thanks to the `Host:` header line, the server knows whether the request is for `http://web.example.com/index.html` or `http://www.dummy.net/index.html`. Without the `Host:` header, this is impossible. The `Host:` header line allowed web hosting companies to develop their business by supporting a large number of independent web servers on the same physical server. 451/10000 · 451
52 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:178

	English ``/32`` for an Internet Service Provider 40/10000 · 40
52 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:175

	English Category 5 UTP or STP, 100 m maximum 36/10000 · 36
52 ../../protocols/routing.rst:162

	English :math:`hash(NextHeader,IP_{src},IP_{dst},Port_{src},Port_{dst}) \pmod{N}` 73/10000 · 73
52 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:179

	English Apart from these two paths in the TCP connection establishment FSM, there is a third path that corresponds to the case when both the client and the server send a `SYN` segment to open a TCP connection [#ftcpboth]_. In this case, the client and the server send a `SYN` segment and enter the `SYN Sent` state. Upon reception of the `SYN` segment sent by the other host, they reply by sending a `SYN+ACK` segment and enter the `SYN RCVD` state. The `SYN+ACK` that arrives from the other host allows it to transition to the `Established` state. The figure below illustrates such a simultaneous establishment of a TCP connection. 624/10000 · 624
52 ../../protocols/tls.rst:268

	English Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) is an important property for key exchange protocols. A protocol provides PFS if its design guarantees that the keys used for former sessions will not be compromised even if the private key of the server is compromised. This is a very important property. ``DHE_RSA`` provides Perfect Forward Secrecy, but the ``RSA`` key exchange does not provide this property. In practice, ``DHE_RSA`` is costly from a computational viewpoint. Recent implementations of TLS thus prefer ``ECDHE_RSA`` or ``ECDHE_ECDSA`` when Perfect Forward Secrecy is required. 575/10000 · 575
52 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:146

	English Two types of encapsulation schemes were defined to support IP in Ethernet networks : the original encapsulation scheme, built above the Ethernet DIX format is defined in :rfc:`894` and a second encapsulation :rfc:`1042` scheme, built above the LLC/SNAP protocol [IEEE802.2]_. In 802.11 networks, the situation is simpler and only the :rfc:`1042` encapsulation is used. In practice, this encapsulation adds 6 bytes to the 802.11 header. The first four bytes correspond to the LLC/SNAP header. They are followed by the two bytes Ethernet Type field (`0x800` for IP and `0x806` for ARP). The figure below shows an IP packet encapsulated in an 802.11 frame. 653/10000 · 653
52 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:369

	English to wrap the ``create_and_send_message`` in a ``client`` executable that can parse user arguments (the ``getopt(3)`` function might help) and appropriately call the wrapped function; 181/10000 · 181
52 ../../principles/network.rst:333

	English In networks that rely on source routing, hosts use control packets to automatically discover the best path(s). In addition to the source and destination addresses, `control packets` contain a list that records the intermediate nodes. This list is often called the `record route` because it allows recording the route followed by a given packet. When a node receives such a `control packet`, it first checks whether its address is included in the record route. If yes, the packet has already been forwarded by this node and it is silently discarded. Otherwise, it adds its own address to the `record route` and forwards the packet to all its interfaces, except the interface over which the packet has been received. Thanks to this, the `control packet` can explore all paths between a source and a given destination. 815/10000 · 815
53 ../../exercises/network.rst:373

	English B 1/10000 · 1

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