cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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4 ../../protocols/udp.rst:14

	English the UDP service does not guarantee the delivery of SDUs (losses can occur and SDUs can arrive out-of-sequence) 110/10000 · 110
4 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:13

	English While most of the frequency ranges of the radio spectrum are reserved for specific applications and require a special license, there are a few exceptions. These exceptions are known as the `Industrial, Scientific and Medical <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_band>`_ (ISM) radio bands. These bands can be used for industrial, scientific and medical applications without requiring a license from the regulator. For example, some radio-controlled models use the 27 MHz ISM band and some cordless telephones operate in the 915 MHz ISM. In 1985, the 2.400-2.500 GHz band was added to the list of ISM bands. This frequency range corresponds to the frequencies that are emitted by microwave ovens. Sharing this band with licensed applications would have likely caused interference, given the large number of microwave ovens that are used. Despite the risk of interference with microwave ovens, the opening of the 2.400-2.500 GHz allowed the networking industry to develop several wireless network techniques to allow computers to exchange data without using cables. In this section, we discuss in more detail the most popular one, i.e. the WiFi [IEEE802.11]_ family of wireless networks. Other wireless networking techniques such as `BlueTooth <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTooth>`_ or `HiperLAN <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperLAN>`_ use the same frequency range. 1365/10000 · 1365
4 ../../index.rst:21

	English The source code of the entire textbook is written in `reStructuredText <http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html>`_ and uses several `sphinx <https://www.sphinx-doc.org>`_ features. You can browse these sources from `github <https://github.com/CNP3/ebook/tree/master>`_ You can download a pdf version from :download:`tmp/latex/CNP3.pdf` 336/10000 · 336
4 ../../exercises/network.rst:21

	English Open questions 14/10000 · 14
4 ../../principles/naming.rst:15

	English In the early days of the Internet, only a few hosts (mainly minicomputers) were connected to the network. The most popular applications were :term:`remote login` and file transfer. By 1983, there were already five hundred hosts attached to the Internet [Zakon]_. Each of these hosts were identified by a unique address. Forcing human users to remember the addresses of the hosts that they wanted to use was not user-friendly. Humans prefer to remember names, and use them when needed. Using names as aliases for addresses is a common technique in Computer Science. It simplifies the development of applications and allows the developer to ignore the low level details. For example, by using a programming language instead of writing machine code, a developer can write software without knowing whether the variables that it uses are stored in memory or inside registers. 870/10000 · 870
4 ../../protocols/dns.rst:16

	English DNS messages are composed of five parts that are named sections in :rfc:`1035`. The first three sections are mandatory and the last two sections are optional. The first section of a DNS message is its `Header`. It contains information about the message type and the content of the other sections. The second section contains the `Question` sent to the nameserver or resolver. The third section contains the `Answer` to the `Question`. When a client sends a DNS query, the `Answer` section is empty. The fourth section, named `Authority`, contains information about the servers that can provide an authoritative answer if required. The last section contains additional information that is supplied by the resolver or nameserver but was not requested in the question. 765/10000 · 765
4 ../../bibliography.rst:10

	English LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, `IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1D-2004.pdf>`_ , IEEE Std 802.1DTM-2004, 2004, 246/10000 · 246
4 ../../principles/sharing.rst:18

	English The first and more important resource inside a network is the link bandwidth. There are two situations where link bandwidth needs to be shared between different users. The first situation is when several hosts are attached to the same physical link. This situation mainly occurs in Local Area Networks (LAN). A LAN is a network that efficiently interconnects several hosts (usually a few dozens to a few hundreds) in the same room, building or campus. Consider for example a network with five hosts. Any of these hosts needs to be able to exchange information with any of the other hosts. A first organization for this LAN is the full-mesh. 640/10000 · 640
4 ../../principles/transport.rst:36

	English The client-server model was the first model to be used to develop networked applications. This model comes naturally from the mainframes and minicomputers that were the only networked computers used until the 1980s. A minicomputer_ is a multi-user system that is used by tens or more users at the same time. Each user interacts with the minicomputer by using a terminal. Such a terminal was mainly a screen, a keyboard and a cable directly connected to the minicomputer. 470/10000 · 470
5 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:98

	English The socket API is quite low-level and should be used only when you need a complete control of the network access. If your application simply needs, for instance, to retrieve data from a web server, there are much simpler and higher-level APIs. 243/10000 · 243
5 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:42

	English If the transmitting host is located at another position on the shared medium than one of the edges, then the geometrical pattern that represents the transmission of a frame is slightly different. If the transmitting host is placed in the middle of the cable, then the signal is transmitted in both directions on the cable. The figure below shows the transmission of one 100 bits frame at 100 Mbps by host C on the same cable. 425/10000 · 425
5 ../../principles/naming.rst:17

	English Because names are at a higher level than addresses, they allow (both in the example of programming above, and on the Internet) to treat addresses as mere technical identifiers, which can change at will. Only the names are stable. 229/10000 · 229
5 ../../principles/network.rst:18

	English Before explaining the operation of the network layer, it is useful to remember the characteristics of the service provided by the `datalink` layer. There are many variants of the datalink layer. Some provide a reliable service while others do not provide any guarantee of delivery. The reliable datalink layer services are popular in environments such as wireless networks where transmission errors are frequent. On the other hand, unreliable services are usually used when the physical layer provides an almost reliable service (i.e. only a negligible fraction of the frames are affected by transmission errors). Such `almost reliable` services are frequently used in wired and optical networks. In this chapter, we will assume that the datalink layer service provides an `almost reliable` service since this is both the most general one and also the most widely deployed one. 877/10000 · 877
5 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:17

	English How would you set the duration of the retransmission timer in the alternating bit protocol ? 92/10000 · 92
5 ../../glossary.rst:182

	English Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm used notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission rate when the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases when congested is detected. 238/10000 · 238
5 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:21

	English Our reference model is divided into five layers, as shown in the figure below. 78/10000 · 78
5 ../../principles/reliability.rst:33

	English `electrical cable`. Information can be transmitted over different types of electrical cables. The most common ones are the twisted pairs (that are used in the telephone network, but also in enterprise networks) and the coaxial cables (that are still used in cable TV networks, but are no longer used in enterprise networks). Some networking technologies operate over the classical electrical cable. 398/10000 · 398
5 ../../principles/security.rst:48

	English Alice and Bob are the first names that are used in examples for security techniques. They first appeared in a seminal paper by Diffie and Hellman [DH1976]_. Since then, Alice and Bob are the most frequently used names to represent the users who interact with a network. Other characters such as Eve or Mallory have been added over the years. We will explain their respective roles later. 387/10000 · 387
5 ../../exercises/dns.rst:25

	English Several software tools can be used to send queries to DNS servers. For this exercise, we use dig_ which is installed on most Unix/Linux systems. 144/10000 · 144
5 ../../exercises/email.rst:11

	English it is possible to test a server manually by using telnet 56/10000 · 56

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