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5 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:98
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The socket API is quite low-level and should be used only when you need a complete control of the network access. If your application simply needs, for instance, to retrieve data from a web server, there are much simpler and higher-level APIs. 243/10000 · 243
5 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:42
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — If the transmitting host is located at another position on the shared medium than one of the edges, then the geometrical pattern that represents the transmission of a frame is slightly different. If the transmitting host is placed in the middle of the cable, then the signal is transmitted in both directions on the cable. The figure below shows the transmission of one 100 bits frame at 100 Mbps by host C on the same cable. 425/10000 · 425
5 ../../principles/naming.rst:17
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Because names are at a higher level than addresses, they allow (both in the example of programming above, and on the Internet) to treat addresses as mere technical identifiers, which can change at will. Only the names are stable. 229/10000 · 229
5 ../../principles/network.rst:18
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Before explaining the operation of the network layer, it is useful to remember the characteristics of the service provided by the `datalink` layer. There are many variants of the datalink layer. Some provide a reliable service while others do not provide any guarantee of delivery. The reliable datalink layer services are popular in environments such as wireless networks where transmission errors are frequent. On the other hand, unreliable services are usually used when the physical layer provides an almost reliable service (i.e. only a negligible fraction of the frames are affected by transmission errors). Such `almost reliable` services are frequently used in wired and optical networks. In this chapter, we will assume that the datalink layer service provides an `almost reliable` service since this is both the most general one and also the most widely deployed one. 877/10000 · 877
5 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:17
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — How would you set the duration of the retransmission timer in the alternating bit protocol ? 92/10000 · 92
5 ../../glossary.rst:182
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease. A rate adaption algorithm used notably by TCP where a host additively increases its transmission rate when the network is not congested and multiplicatively decreases when congested is detected. 238/10000 · 238
5 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:21
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Our reference model is divided into five layers, as shown in the figure below. 78/10000 · 78
5 ../../principles/reliability.rst:33
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `electrical cable`. Information can be transmitted over different types of electrical cables. The most common ones are the twisted pairs (that are used in the telephone network, but also in enterprise networks) and the coaxial cables (that are still used in cable TV networks, but are no longer used in enterprise networks). Some networking technologies operate over the classical electrical cable. 398/10000 · 398
5 ../../principles/security.rst:48
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Alice and Bob are the first names that are used in examples for security techniques. They first appeared in a seminal paper by Diffie and Hellman [DH1976]_. Since then, Alice and Bob are the most frequently used names to represent the users who interact with a network. Other characters such as Eve or Mallory have been added over the years. We will explain their respective roles later. 387/10000 · 387
5 ../../exercises/dns.rst:25
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Several software tools can be used to send queries to DNS servers. For this exercise, we use dig_ which is installed on most Unix/Linux systems. 144/10000 · 144
5 ../../exercises/email.rst:11
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — it is possible to test a server manually by using telnet 56/10000 · 56
5 ../../exercises/http.rst:21
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — What is the version of HTTP used by your version of curl_ ? 59/10000 · 59
5 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:20
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Now that you master the basics, you can determine the paths followed by IPv6 packets in simple networks. 104/10000 · 104
5 ../../exercises/lan.rst:28
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider the switched network shown in Fig. 1. In this network, assume that the LAN between switches S3 and S12 fails. How should the switches update their port/address tables after the link failure ? 200/10000 · 200
5 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:58
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — from `AS1` to `AS4` 19/10000 · 19
5 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:80
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The code is very simple as by default IPMininet_ enables OSPF on routers. We introduce two specific parameters. First, the interface that connects a router to a host is flagged as a passive interface (``igp_passive=True``). This indicates to the router that there are no other routers attached to this interface and that it should not send or accept OSPF Hello messages on this interface. The second configuration parameter is that we set the IGP cost on each link. 465/10000 · 465
5 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:18
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — packetdrill_ is a TCP test suite that was designed to develop unit tests to verify the correct operation of a TCP implementation. A more detailed description of packetdrill_ may be found in [CCB+2013]_. packetdrill_ uses a syntax which is a mix between the C language and the tcpdump_ syntax. To understand the operation of packetdrill_, we first discuss several examples. The TCP implementation in the Linux kernel supports all the recent TCP extensions to improve its performance. For pedagogical reasons, we disable [#fsysctl]_ most of these extensions to use a simple TCP stack. packetdrill_ can be easily installed on recent Linux kernels [#finstall]_. 657/10000 · 657
5 ../../exercises/tcp.rst:43
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — TCP can be extended by using options that are negotiated during the three-way handshake. 88/10000 · 88
5 ../../exercises/tls.rst:41
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
5 ../../exercises/trace.rst:15
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — As an illustration, let us use tcpdump_ to analyze the packets exchanged while executing the following command on a Linux host: 127/10000 · 127