cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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62 ../../protocols/http.rst:252

	English However, as the web evolved to support richer documents containing images, opening a TCP connection for each URI became a performance problem [Mogul1995]_. Indeed, besides its HTML part, a web page may include dozens of images or more. Forcing the client to open a TCP connection for each component of a web page has two important drawbacks. First, the client and the server must exchange packets to open and close a TCP connection as we will see later. This increases the network overhead and the total delay of completely retrieving all the components of a web page. Second, a large number of established TCP connections may be a performance bottleneck on servers. 666/10000 · 666
62 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:216

	English a packet with destination ``2a02:2788:2c4:16f::1`` received by router `R` is destined to a host on interface ``eth0`` . 119/10000 · 119
62 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:180

	English Optical fiber (experiences are performed with copper) 53/10000 · 53
62 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:210

	English As IP provides an unreliable connectionless service, the `SYN` and `SYN+ACK` segments sent to open a TCP connection could be lost. Current TCP implementations start a retransmission timer when they send the first `SYN` segment. This timer is often set to three seconds for the first retransmission and then doubles after each retransmission :rfc:`2988`. TCP implementations also enforce a maximum number of retransmissions for the initial `SYN` segment. 453/10000 · 453
62 ../../protocols/tls.rst:331

	English a `Type` that indicates the type of record. The most frequent type is `application data` which corresponds to a record containing encrypted data. The other types are `handshake`, `change_cipher_spec` and `alert`. 212/10000 · 212
62 ../../bibliography.rst:83

	English Gao, L., Griffin, T., Rexford, J., `Inherently safe backup routing with BGP <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2001.916777>`_, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, April 2001 163/10000 · 163
62 ../../principles/transport.rst:242

	English These imperfections of the `connectionless network layer service` are caused by the operations of the `network layer`. This `layer` is able to deliver packets to their intended destination, but it cannot guarantee their delivery. The main cause of packet losses and errors are the buffers used on the network nodes. If the buffers of one of these nodes becomes full, all arriving packets must be discarded. This situation frequently happens in practice [#fqueuesize]_. Transmission errors can also affect packet transmissions on links where reliable transmission techniques are not enabled or because of errors in the buffers of the network nodes. 647/10000 · 647
63 ../../exercises/network.rst:376

	English E 1/10000 · 1
63 ../../bibliography.rst:84

	English Gettys, J., Nichols, K., `Bufferbloat: dark buffers in the internet <http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2063196>`_. Communications of the ACM 55, no. 1 (2012): 57-65. 166/10000 · 166
63 ../../glossary.rst:231

	English The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) coordinates the allocation of domain names, IP addresses and AS numbers as well protocol parameters. It also coordinates the operation and the evolution of the DNS root name servers. 246/10000 · 246
63 ../../principles/network.rst:383

	English In the above figure, assume that the network uses 16 bits addresses and that the prefix `01001010` has been assigned to the entire network. Since the network contains four routers, the network operator could assign one block of sixty-four addresses to each router. `R1` would use address `0100101000000000` while `A` could use address `0100101000000001`. `R2` could be assigned all addresses from `0100101001000000` to `0100101001111111`. `R4` could then use `0100101011000000` and assign `0100101011000001` to `B`. Other allocation schemes are possible. For example, `R3` could be allocated a larger block of addresses than `R2` and `R4` could use a sub-block from `R3` 's address block. 689/10000 · 689
63 ../../principles/reliability.rst:241

	English `Bit stuffing` increases the number of bits required to transmit each frame. The worst case for bit stuffing is of course a long sequence of bits set to `1` inside the frame. If transmission errors occur, stuffed bits or markers can be in error. In these cases, the frame affected by the error and possibly the next frame will not be correctly decoded by the receiver, but it will be able to resynchronize itself at the next valid marker. 438/10000 · 438
63 ../../principles/sharing.rst:388

	English A first solution to share the available resources among all the devices attached to one Local Area Network is to define, `a priori`, the distribution of the transmission resources among the different devices. If `N` devices need to share the transmission capacities of a LAN operating at `b` Mbps, each device could be allocated a bandwidth of :math:`\frac{b}{N}` Mbps. 369/10000 · 369
63 ../../principles/transport.rst:246

	English Transport layer services 24/10000 · 24
63 ../../principles/security.rst:747

	English The protocol described above works, but it takes a long time for Bob to authenticate Alice and for Alice to authenticate Bob. A faster authentication could be the following. 173/10000 · 173
63 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:609

	English We use five /64 IPv6 prefixes in this network topology: 55/10000 · 55
63 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:861

	English The ``UPDATE`` message can be used to withdraw and advertise routes. The packet below is sent by ``AS2`` to advertise its route towards `2001:cafe:2::/48` on the BGP session with ``AS1``. 187/10000 · 187
63 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:837

	English A TCP connection has been active for some time and has reached a congestion window of 4000 bytes. Four segments are sent, but the second (shown in red in the figure) is corrupted. Complete the time-sequence diagram. 215/10000 · 215
63 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:271

	English Utilization of the BGP nexthop attribute 40/10000 · 40
63 ../../protocols/email.rst:234

	English 35 2/10000 · 2

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