cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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63 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:609

	English We use five /64 IPv6 prefixes in this network topology: 55/10000 · 55
63 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:861

	English The ``UPDATE`` message can be used to withdraw and advertise routes. The packet below is sent by ``AS2`` to advertise its route towards `2001:cafe:2::/48` on the BGP session with ``AS1``. 187/10000 · 187
63 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:837

	English A TCP connection has been active for some time and has reached a congestion window of 4000 bytes. Four segments are sent, but the second (shown in red in the figure) is corrupted. Complete the time-sequence diagram. 215/10000 · 215
63 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:271

	English Utilization of the BGP nexthop attribute 40/10000 · 40
63 ../../protocols/email.rst:234

	English 35 2/10000 · 2
63 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:293

	English The `MAC address learning` algorithm combined with the forwarding algorithm work well in a tree-shaped network such as the one shown above. However, to deal with link and switch failures, network administrators often add redundant links to ensure that their network remains connected even after a failure. Let us consider what happens in the Ethernet network shown in the figure below. 385/10000 · 385
63 ../../protocols/http.rst:255

	English This problem was solved by extending HTTP to support persistent TCP connections :rfc:`2616`. A persistent connection is a TCP connection over which a client may send several HTTP requests. This is illustrated in the figure below showing the persistent connection of HTTP 1.1. 275/10000 · 275
63 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:217

	English a packet with destination ``2001:6a8:3080::1234`` matches three routes : ``::/0``, ``2001:6a8::/32`` and ``2001:6a8:3080::/48``. The packet is forwarded via gateway ``fe80::bad:cafe`` 183/10000 · 183
63 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:193

	English Additional information about the history of the Ethernet technology may be found at http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/ 119/10000 · 119
63 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:215

	English As explained earlier, TCP segments may contain an optional header extension. In the `SYN` and `SYN+ACK` segments, these options are used to negotiate some parameters and the utilization of extensions to the basic TCP specification. 231/10000 · 231
63 ../../protocols/tls.rst:335

	English a `Protocol Version` field that indicates the version of the TLS protocol used. This version is composed of two sub fields : a major and a minor version number. 160/10000 · 160
64 ../../exercises/network.rst:376

	English 4 via B 7/10000 · 7
64 ../../glossary.rst:42

	English IETF 4/10000 · 4
64 ../../principles/reliability.rst:246

	English `Bit stuffing` can be easily implemented in hardware. However, implementing it in software is difficult given the complexity of performing bit manipulations in software. Software implementations prefer to process characters than bits, software-based datalink layers usually use `character stuffing`. This technique operates on frames that contain an integer number of characters. In computer networks, characters are usually encoded by relying on the :term:`ASCII` table. This table defines the encoding of various alphanumeric characters as a sequence of bits. :rfc:`20` provides the ASCII table that is used by many protocols on the Internet. For example, the table defines the following binary representations : 714/10000 · 714
64 ../../principles/sharing.rst:392

	English Limited resources need to be shared in other environments than Local Area Networks. Since the first radio transmissions by `Marconi <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi>`_ more than one century ago, many applications that exchange information through radio signals have been developed. Each radio signal is an electromagnetic wave whose power is centered around a given frequency. The radio spectrum corresponds to frequencies ranging between roughly 3 KHz and 300 GHz. Frequency allocation plans negotiated among governments reserve most frequency ranges for specific applications such as broadcast radio, broadcast television, mobile communications, aeronautical radio navigation, amateur radio, satellite, etc. Each frequency range is then subdivided into channels and each channel can be reserved for a given application, e.g. a radio broadcaster in a given region. 880/10000 · 880
64 ../../principles/transport.rst:248

	English When two applications need to communicate, they need to structure their exchange of information. Structuring this exchange of information requires solving two different problems. The first problem is how to represent the information being exchanged knowing that the two applications may be running on hosts that use different operating systems, different processors and have different conventions to store information. This requires a common syntax to transfer the information between the two applications. For this chapter, let us assume that this syntax exists and that the two applications simply need to exchange bytes. We will discuss later how more complex data can be encoded as sequences of bytes to be exchanged. The second problem is how to organize the interactions between the application and the underlying network. From the application's viewpoint, the `network` will appear as the `transport layer` service. This `transport layer` can provide three types of services to the applications : 1003/10000 · 1003
64 ../../principles/security.rst:771

	English Alice sends her random nonce, :math:`R2`. Bob signs :math:`R2` and sends his nonce : :math:`R1`. Alice signs :math:`R1` and both are authenticated. 147/10000 · 147
64 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:611

	English ``2001:db8:1341:1::/64`` on the link between ``a`` and ``r1`` 61/10000 · 61
64 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:866

	English Another interesting utilization of IPMininet_ is to explore how routers react to link failures. We start from the same network as with the previous example and disable the link between ``AS2`` and ``AS3``. For this, we log on one of the two routers and issue the following commands. 282/10000 · 282
64 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:871

	English Footnotes 9/10000 · 9

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