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64 ../../principles/network.rst:385
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The main advantage of hierarchical addresses is that it is possible to significantly reduce the size of the forwarding tables. In many networks, the number of routers can be several orders of magnitude smaller than the number of hosts. A campus network may contain a dozen routers and thousands of hosts. The largest Internet Services Providers typically contain no more than a few tens of thousands of routers but still serve tens or hundreds of millions of hosts. 465/10000 · 465
64 ../../bibliography.rst:85
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Gao, L., Rexford, J., `Stable Internet routing without global coordination <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/90.974523>`_, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, December 2001, pp. 681-692 180/10000 · 180
65 ../../exercises/network.rst:376
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 1 via E 7/10000 · 7
65 ../../glossary.rst:44
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Internet Engineering Task Force is a non-profit organization that develops the standards for the protocols used in the Internet. The IETF mainly covers the transport and network layers. Several application layer protocols are also standardized within the IETF. The work in the IETF is organized in working groups. Most of the work is performed by exchanging emails and there are three IETF meetings every year. Participation is open to anyone. See https://www.ietf.org 472/10000 · 472
65 ../../principles/reliability.rst:248
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `A` : `1000011` b 17/10000 · 17
65 ../../principles/sharing.rst:397
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `Frequency Division Multiplexing` (FDM) is a static allocation scheme in which a frequency is allocated to each device attached to the shared medium. As each device uses a different transmission frequency, collisions cannot occur. In optical networks, a variant of FDM called `Wavelength Division Multiplexing` (WDM) can be used. An optical fiber can transport light at different wavelengths without interference. With WDM, a different wavelength is allocated to each of the devices that share the same optical fiber. 517/10000 · 517
65 ../../principles/transport.rst:250
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the `connectionless service` 28/10000 · 28
65 ../../principles/security.rst:775
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Now consider that Mallory wants to be authenticated as Alice. The above protocol has a subtle flaw that could be exploited by Mallory. This flaw can be exploited if Alice and Bob can act as both client and server. Knowing this, Mallory could operate as follows. Mallory starts an authentication with Bob faking himself as Alice. He sends a first message to Bob including Alice's identity. 388/10000 · 388
65 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:612
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — ``2001:db8:1341:12::/64`` on the link between ``r1`` and ``r2`` 63/10000 · 63
65 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:898
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — We first connect to the BGP daemon on router `as2`. In addition to the `show` commands that have been described earlier, the router also supports privileged commands that can change its configuration. Before executing these commands, we must enter the privileged mode with the `enable` command. On production routers, this command requires a password to verify the credentials of the network administrator. The `#` prompt indicates that we are allowed to execute privileged commands. We first check the state of the BGP sessions with the `show bgp summary` commands. There are two BGP sessions configured on this router. 620/10000 · 620
65 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:876
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — On Linux, most of the parameters to tune the TCP stack are accessible via :manpage:`sysctl`. These parameters are briefly described in https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt and in the :manpage:`tcp` manpage. Each script sets some of these configuration variables. 310/10000 · 310
65 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:279
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Let us assume that the `R1-R2` BGP session is the first to be established. A `BGP Update` message sent on such a session contains three fields : 144/10000 · 144
65 ../../protocols/email.rst:234
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 52 2/10000 · 2
65 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:303
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — When all switches boot, their `MAC address table` is empty. Assume that host `A` sends a frame towards host `C`. Upon reception of this frame, switch1 updates its `MAC address table` to remember that address `A` is reachable via its West port. As there is no entry for address `C` in switch1's `MAC address table`, the frame is forwarded to both switch2 and switch3. When switch2 receives the frame, its updates its `MAC address table` for address `A` and forwards the frame to host `C` as well as to switch3. switch3 has thus received two copies of the same frame. As switch3 does not know how to reach the destination address, it forwards the frame received from switch1 to switch2 and the frame received from switch2 to switch1... The single frame sent by host `A` will be continuously duplicated by the switches until their `MAC address table` contains an entry for address `C`. Quickly, all the available link bandwidth will be used to forward all the copies of this frame. As Ethernet does not contain any `TTL` or `HopLimit`, this loop will never stop. 1059/10000 · 1059
65 ../../protocols/http.rst:308
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `Connection:` header is used with the `Keep-Alive` argument by the client to indicate that it expects the underlying TCP connection to be persistent. When this header is used with the `Close` argument, it indicates that the entity that sent it will close the underlying TCP connection at the end of the HTTP response. 321/10000 · 321
65 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:219
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a packet with destination ``2001:6a8:3880:40::2`` matches two routes : ``2001:6a8::/32`` and ``::/0``. The packet is forwarded via ``fe80::aaaa:bbbb`` 150/10000 · 150
65 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:197
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The official list of all assigned Ethernet type values is available from http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/ethertype/eth.txt 124/10000 · 124
65 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:221
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Another utilization of TCP options during connection establishment is to enable TCP extensions. For example, consider :rfc:`1323` (which is discussed in :ref:`TCPReliable`). :rfc:`1323` defines TCP extensions to support timestamps and larger windows. If the client supports :rfc:`1323`, it adds a :rfc:`1323` option to its `SYN` segment. If the server understands this :rfc:`1323` option and wishes to use it, it replies with a :rfc:`1323` option in the `SYN+ACK` segment and the extension defined in :rfc:`1323` is used throughout the TCP connection. Otherwise, if the server's `SYN+ACK` does not contain the :rfc:`1323` option, the client is not allowed to use this extension and the corresponding TCP header options throughout the TCP connection. TCP's option mechanism is flexible and it allows the extension of TCP while maintaining compatibility with older implementations. 879/10000 · 879
65 ../../protocols/tls.rst:339
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a `TLSPlainText` that contains the encrypted data 49/10000 · 49
65 ../../principles/network.rst:387
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Despite their popularity, `hierarchical addresses` have some drawbacks. Their first drawback is that a lookup in the forwarding table is more complex than when using `flat addresses`. For example, on the Internet, network nodes have to perform a longest-match to forward each packet. This is partially compensated by the reduction in the size of the forwarding tables, but the additional complexity of the lookup operation has been a difficulty to implement hardware support for packet forwarding. A second drawback of the utilization of hierarchical addresses is that when a host connects for the first time to a network, it must contact one router to determine its own address. This requires some packet exchanges between the host and some routers. Furthermore, if a host moves and is attached to another routers, its network address will change. This can be an issue with some mobile hosts. 893/10000 · 893