cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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77 ../../principles/network.rst:431

	English The first solution to the fragmentation problem presented above suggests the utilization of control packets to inform the source about the reception of a too long packet. This is only one of the functions that are performed by the control protocol in the network layer. Other functions include : 295/10000 · 295
77 ../../principles/reliability.rst:262

	English `ETX`: `0000011` b 18/10000 · 18
77 ../../principles/sharing.rst:490

	English Carrier Sense Multiple Access 29/10000 · 29
77 ../../principles/security.rst:893

	English Let us first explore how this could be realized by using public-key cryptography. We assume that Alice and Bob have both a public-private key pair and the corresponding certificates signed by a trusted third party : Ted. 220/10000 · 220
77 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:698

	English Here is a simple example of the utilization of this Vagrant box. 64/10000 · 64
77 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1068

	English What are the BGP messages that will be exchanged when the link between ``AS1`` and ``AS2`` fails ? How does this affect the reachability of the different hosts ? 161/10000 · 161
77 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:304

	English The BGP decision process 24/10000 · 24
77 ../../protocols/email.rst:238

	English 37 2/10000 · 2
77 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:337

	English the number of the switch port over which the `BPDU` was sent (`p`) 66/10000 · 66
77 ../../protocols/http.rst:438

	English Privacy issues with HTTP cookies 32/10000 · 32
77 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:314

	English The low order 112 bits of an IPv6 multicast address are the group's identifier. The high order bits are used as a marker to distinguish multicast addresses from unicast addresses. Notably, the 4-bit `Flags` field indicates whether the address is temporary or permanent. Finally, the `Scope` field indicates the boundaries of the forwarding of packets destined to a particular address. A link-local scope indicates that a router should not forward a packet destined to such a multicast address. An organization local-scope indicates that a packet sent to such a multicast destination address should not leave the organization. Finally the global scope is intended for multicast groups spanning the global Internet. 713/10000 · 713
77 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:293

	English The `MAC address learning` algorithm combined with the forwarding algorithm work well in a tree-shaped network such as the one shown above. However, to deal with link and switch failures, network administrators often add redundant links to ensure that their network remains connected even after a failure. Let us consider what happens in the Ethernet network shown in the figure below. 385/10000 · 385
77 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:247

	English TCP is a window-based transport protocol that provides a bi-directional byte stream service. This has several implications on the fields of the TCP header and the mechanisms used by TCP. The three fields of the TCP header are : 227/10000 · 227
77 ../../protocols/tls.rst:404

	English improve the security of TLS by leveraging the lessons learned from TLS 1.2 and some documented attacks 102/10000 · 102
77 ../../principles/transport.rst:403

	English The third phase of a connection is its release. As a connection involves three parties (two users and one service provider), any of them can request the termination of the connection. Usually, connections are terminated upon request of one user once the data transfer is finished. However, sometimes the service provider may be forced to terminate a connection. This can be due to lack of resources inside the service provider or because one of the users is not reachable anymore through the network. In this case, the service provider will issue `Disconnect.indication` primitives to both users. These primitives will contain, as parameter, some information about the reason for the termination of the connection. Unfortunately, as illustrated in the figure below, when a service provider is forced to terminate a connection it cannot guarantee that all SDUs sent by each user have been delivered to the other user. This connection release is said to be abrupt as it can cause losses of data. 993/10000 · 993
78 ../../bibliography.rst:102

	English Jung, J., Sit, E., Balakrishnan, H., and Morris, R. 2002. `DNS performance and the effectiveness of caching <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2002.803905>`_. IEEE/ACM Transactions Networking 10, 5 (Oct. 2002), 589-603. 217/10000 · 217
78 ../../glossary.rst:72

	English IP 2/10000 · 2
78 ../../principles/network.rst:433

	English sending a control packet back to the source if a packet is received by a router that does not have a valid entry in its forwarding table 136/10000 · 136
78 ../../principles/reliability.rst:264

	English Some characters are used as markers to delineate the frame boundaries. Many `character stuffing` techniques use the `DLE`, `STX` and `ETX` characters of the ASCII character set. `DLE STX` (resp. `DLE ETX`) is used to mark the beginning (end) of a frame. When transmitting a frame, the sender adds a `DLE` character after each transmitted `DLE` character. This ensures that none of the markers can appear inside the transmitted frame. The receiver detects the frame boundaries and removes the second `DLE` when it receives two consecutive `DLE` characters. For example, to transmit frame `1 2 3 DLE STX 4`, a sender will first send `DLE STX` as a marker, followed by `1 2 3 DLE`. Then, the sender transmits an additional `DLE` character followed by `STX 4` and the `DLE ETX` marker. 781/10000 · 781
78 ../../principles/sharing.rst:493

	English ALOHA and slotted ALOHA can easily be implemented, but unfortunately, they can only be used in networks that are very lightly loaded. Designing a network for a very low utilization is possible, but it clearly increases the cost of the network. To overcome the problems of ALOHA, many Medium Access Control mechanisms have been proposed which improve channel utilization. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a significant improvement compared to ALOHA. CSMA requires all nodes to listen to the transmission channel to verify that it is free before transmitting a frame [KT1975]_. When a node senses the channel to be busy, it defers its transmission until the channel becomes free again. The pseudo-code below provides a more detailed description of the operation of CSMA. 775/10000 · 775

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