cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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77 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:293

	English The `MAC address learning` algorithm combined with the forwarding algorithm work well in a tree-shaped network such as the one shown above. However, to deal with link and switch failures, network administrators often add redundant links to ensure that their network remains connected even after a failure. Let us consider what happens in the Ethernet network shown in the figure below. 385/10000 · 385
77 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:247

	English TCP is a window-based transport protocol that provides a bi-directional byte stream service. This has several implications on the fields of the TCP header and the mechanisms used by TCP. The three fields of the TCP header are : 227/10000 · 227
77 ../../protocols/tls.rst:404

	English improve the security of TLS by leveraging the lessons learned from TLS 1.2 and some documented attacks 102/10000 · 102
77 ../../principles/transport.rst:403

	English The third phase of a connection is its release. As a connection involves three parties (two users and one service provider), any of them can request the termination of the connection. Usually, connections are terminated upon request of one user once the data transfer is finished. However, sometimes the service provider may be forced to terminate a connection. This can be due to lack of resources inside the service provider or because one of the users is not reachable anymore through the network. In this case, the service provider will issue `Disconnect.indication` primitives to both users. These primitives will contain, as parameter, some information about the reason for the termination of the connection. Unfortunately, as illustrated in the figure below, when a service provider is forced to terminate a connection it cannot guarantee that all SDUs sent by each user have been delivered to the other user. This connection release is said to be abrupt as it can cause losses of data. 993/10000 · 993
78 ../../bibliography.rst:102

	English Jung, J., Sit, E., Balakrishnan, H., and Morris, R. 2002. `DNS performance and the effectiveness of caching <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2002.803905>`_. IEEE/ACM Transactions Networking 10, 5 (Oct. 2002), 589-603. 217/10000 · 217
78 ../../glossary.rst:72

	English IP 2/10000 · 2
78 ../../principles/network.rst:433

	English sending a control packet back to the source if a packet is received by a router that does not have a valid entry in its forwarding table 136/10000 · 136
78 ../../principles/reliability.rst:264

	English Some characters are used as markers to delineate the frame boundaries. Many `character stuffing` techniques use the `DLE`, `STX` and `ETX` characters of the ASCII character set. `DLE STX` (resp. `DLE ETX`) is used to mark the beginning (end) of a frame. When transmitting a frame, the sender adds a `DLE` character after each transmitted `DLE` character. This ensures that none of the markers can appear inside the transmitted frame. The receiver detects the frame boundaries and removes the second `DLE` when it receives two consecutive `DLE` characters. For example, to transmit frame `1 2 3 DLE STX 4`, a sender will first send `DLE STX` as a marker, followed by `1 2 3 DLE`. Then, the sender transmits an additional `DLE` character followed by `STX 4` and the `DLE ETX` marker. 781/10000 · 781
78 ../../principles/sharing.rst:493

	English ALOHA and slotted ALOHA can easily be implemented, but unfortunately, they can only be used in networks that are very lightly loaded. Designing a network for a very low utilization is possible, but it clearly increases the cost of the network. To overcome the problems of ALOHA, many Medium Access Control mechanisms have been proposed which improve channel utilization. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a significant improvement compared to ALOHA. CSMA requires all nodes to listen to the transmission channel to verify that it is free before transmitting a frame [KT1975]_. When a node senses the channel to be busy, it defers its transmission until the channel becomes free again. The pseudo-code below provides a more detailed description of the operation of CSMA. 775/10000 · 775
78 ../../principles/transport.rst:435

	English An abrupt connection release can also be triggered by one of the users. If a user needs, for any reason, to terminate a connection quickly, it can issue a `Disconnect.request` primitive and to request an abrupt release. The service provider will process the request, stop the two data streams and deliver the `Disconnect.indication` primitive to the remote user as soon as possible. As illustrated in the figure below, this abrupt connection release may cause losses of SDUs. 475/10000 · 475
78 ../../principles/security.rst:898

	English A possible protocol would be the following. Alice sends :math:`Cert(Alice_{pub},Ted)`. This certificate provides Alice's identity and her public key. Bob replies with the certificate containing his own public key : :math:`Cert(Bob_{pub},Ted)`. At this point, they both know the other public key and could use it to send encrypted messages. Alice would send :math:`E_p(Bob_{pub},M1)` and Bob would send :math:`E_p(Alice_{pub},M2)`. In practice, using public key encryption techniques to encrypt a large number of messages is inefficient because these cryptosystems require a large number of computations. It is more efficient to use secret key cryptosystems for most of the data and only use a public key cryptosystem to encrypt the random secret keys that will be used by the secret key encryption scheme. 805/10000 · 805
78 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:700

	English We start the network topology shown above with the ``sudo python script.py`` command. It launches the mininet_ interactive shell that provides several useful commands: 167/10000 · 167
78 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1098

	English What are the BGP messages that will be exchanged when the link between ``AS1`` and ``AS3`` fails ? How does this affect the reachability of the different hosts ? 161/10000 · 161
78 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:306

	English Besides the import and export filters, a key difference between BGP and the intradomain routing protocols is that each domain can define its own ranking algorithm to determine which route is chosen to forward packets when several routes have been learned towards the same prefix. This ranking depends on several BGP attributes that can be attached to a BGP route. 363/10000 · 363
78 ../../protocols/email.rst:238

	English l 1/10000 · 1
78 ../../protocols/http.rst:440

	English The HTTP cookies introduced by Netscape_ are key for large e-commerce websites. However, they have also raised many discussions concerning their `potential misuses <http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/technology/04COOK.html>`_. Consider `ad.com`, a company that delivers lots of advertisements on web sites. A web site that wishes to include `ad.com`'s advertisements next to its content will add links to `ad.com` inside its HTML pages. If `ad.com` is used by many web sites, `ad.com` could be able to track the interests of all the users that visit its client websites and use this information to provide targeted advertisements. Privacy advocates have even `sued <http://epic.org/privacy/internet/cookies/>`_ online advertisement companies to force them to comply with the privacy regulations. More recent related technologies also raise `privacy concerns <http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/09/new-cookie-technologies-harder-see-and-remove-wide>`_. 949/10000 · 949
78 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:316

	English Among these addresses, some are well known. For example, all hosts automatically belong to the ``ff02::1`` multicast group while all routers automatically belong to the ``ff02::2`` multicast group. A detailed discussion of IPv6 multicast is outside the scope of this chapter. 275/10000 · 275
78 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:300

	English Ethernet switches in a loop 27/10000 · 27
78 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:249

	English `sequence number`. TCP uses a 32 bits sequence number. The `sequence number` placed in the header of a TCP segment containing data is the sequence number of the first byte of the payload of the TCP segment. 206/10000 · 206
78 ../../protocols/tls.rst:405

	English improve the privacy of the protocol 35/10000 · 35

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