cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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78 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:300

	English Ethernet switches in a loop 27/10000 · 27
78 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:249

	English `sequence number`. TCP uses a 32 bits sequence number. The `sequence number` placed in the header of a TCP segment containing data is the sequence number of the first byte of the payload of the TCP segment. 206/10000 · 206
78 ../../protocols/tls.rst:405

	English improve the privacy of the protocol 35/10000 · 35
78 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:339

	English We will use the notation `<R,c,T,p>` to represent a `BPDU` whose `root identifier` is `R`, `cost` is `c` and that was sent from the port `p` of switch `T`. The construction of the spanning tree depends on an ordering relationship among the `BPDUs`. This ordering relationship could be implemented by the Python function below. 327/10000 · 327
79 ../../glossary.rst:74

	English Internet Protocol is the generic term for the network layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. IP version 4 is widely used but IP version 6 is being deployed globally. 171/10000 · 171
79 ../../principles/network.rst:434

	English sending a control packet back to the source if a router detects that a packet is looping inside the network 107/10000 · 107
79 ../../principles/reliability.rst:270

	English 1 2 3 4 23/10000 · 23
79 ../../principles/sharing.rst:514

	English The above pseudo-code is often called `persistent CSMA` [KT1975]_ as the terminal will continuously listen to the channel and transmit its frame as soon as the channel becomes free. Another important variant of CSMA is the `non-persistent CSMA` [KT1975]_. The main difference between persistent and non-persistent CSMA described in the pseudo-code below is that a non-persistent CSMA node does not continuously listen to the channel to determine when it becomes free. When a non-persistent CSMA terminal senses the transmission channel to be busy, it waits for a random time before sensing the channel again. This improves channel utilization compared to persistent CSMA. With persistent CSMA, when two terminals sense the channel to be busy, they will both transmit (and thus cause a collision) as soon as the channel becomes free. With non-persistent CSMA, this synchronization does not occur, as the terminals wait a random time after having sensed the transmission channel. However, the higher channel utilization achieved by non-persistent CSMA comes at the expense of a slightly higher waiting time in the terminals when the network is lightly loaded. 1157/10000 · 1157
79 ../../principles/transport.rst:473

	English To ensure a reliable delivery of the SDUs sent by each user over a connection, we need to consider the two streams that compose a connection as independent. A user should be able to release the stream that it uses to send SDUs once it has sent all the SDUs that it planned to send over this connection, but still continue to receive SDUs over the opposite stream. This `graceful` connection release is usually performed as shown in the figure below. One user issues a `Disconnect.request` primitive to its provider once it has issued all its `Data.request` primitives. The service provider will wait until all `Data.indication` primitives have been delivered to the receiving user before issuing the `Disconnnect.indication` primitive. This primitive informs the receiving user that it will no longer receive SDUs over this connection, but it is still able to issue `Data.request` primitives on the stream in the opposite direction. Once the user has issued all of its `Data.request` primitives, it issues a `Disconnnect.request` primitive to request the termination of the remaining stream. The service provider will process the request and deliver the corresponding `Disconnect.indication` to the other user once it has delivered all the pending `Data.indication` primitives. At this point, all data has been delivered, the two streams have been released successfully and the connection is completely closed. 1410/10000 · 1410
79 ../../principles/security.rst:913

	English Key exchange 12/10000 · 12
79 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:732

	English Some of the standard mininet commands assume the utilisation of IPv4 and do not have a direct IPv6 equivalent. Here are some useful commands. 141/10000 · 141
79 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1128

	English What are the BGP messages that will be exchanged when the link between ``AS1`` and ``AS5`` fails ? How does this affect the reachability of the different hosts ? 161/10000 · 161
79 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:311

	English The first BGP attribute that is used to rank BGP routes is the `local-preference` (local-pref) attribute. This attribute is an unsigned integer that is attached to each BGP route received over an eBGP session by the associated import filter. 241/10000 · 241
79 ../../protocols/email.rst:238

	English 54 2/10000 · 2
79 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:350

	English In addition to the `identifier` discussed above, the network administrator can also configure a `cost` to be associated to each switch port. Usually, the `cost` of a port depends on its bandwidth and the [IEEE802.1d]_ standard recommends the values below. Of course, the network administrator may choose other values. We will use the notation `cost[p]` to indicate the cost associated to port `p` in this section. 413/10000 · 413
79 ../../protocols/http.rst:443

	English Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
79 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:321

	English IPv6 packet format 18/10000 · 18
79 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:303

	English When all switches boot, their `MAC address table` is empty. Assume that host `A` sends a frame towards host `C`. Upon reception of this frame, switch1 updates its `MAC address table` to remember that address `A` is reachable via its West port. As there is no entry for address `C` in switch1's `MAC address table`, the frame is forwarded to both switch2 and switch3. When switch2 receives the frame, its updates its `MAC address table` for address `A` and forwards the frame to host `C` as well as to switch3. switch3 has thus received two copies of the same frame. As switch3 does not know how to reach the destination address, it forwards the frame received from switch1 to switch2 and the frame received from switch2 to switch1... The single frame sent by host `A` will be continuously duplicated by the switches until their `MAC address table` contains an entry for address `C`. Quickly, all the available link bandwidth will be used to forward all the copies of this frame. As Ethernet does not contain any `TTL` or `HopLimit`, this loop will never stop. 1059/10000 · 1059
79 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:250

	English `acknowledgment number`. TCP uses cumulative positive acknowledgments. Each TCP segment contains the `sequence number` of the next byte that the sender of the acknowledgment expects to receive from the remote host. In theory, the `acknowledgment number` is only valid if the `ACK` flag of the TCP header is set. In practice, almost all [#fackflag]_ TCP segments have their `ACK` flag set. 388/10000 · 388
79 ../../protocols/tls.rst:406

	English reduce the latency of TLS 25/10000 · 25

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