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80 ../../principles/security.rst:920

	English When users want to communicate securely through a network, they need to exchange information such as the keys that will be used by an encryption algorithm even in the presence of an eavesdropper. The most widely used algorithm that allows two users to safely exchange an integer in the presence of an eavesdropper is the one proposed by Diffie and Hellman [DH1976]_. It operates with (large) integers. Two of them are public, the modulus, p, which is prime and the base, g, which must be a primitive root of p. The communicating users select a random integer, :math:`a` for Alice and :math:`b` for Bob. The exchange starts as : 627/10000 · 627
80 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:734

	English The ``nodes`` command lists the routers and hosts that have been created in the mininet topology. 97/10000 · 97
80 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1158

	English What are the BGP messages that will be exchanged when the link between ``AS3`` and ``AS4`` fails ? How does this affect the reachability of the different hosts ? 161/10000 · 161
80 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:313

	English When comparing routes towards the same destination prefix, a BGP router always prefers the routes with the highest `local-pref`. If the BGP router knows several routes with the same `local-pref`, it prefers among the routes having this `local-pref` the ones with the shortest AS-Path. 284/10000 · 284
80 ../../protocols/email.rst:240 • ../../protocols/email.rst:242

	English 4 1/10000 · 1
80 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:353

	English Bandwidth 9/10000 · 9
80 ../../protocols/http.rst:444

	English An example of a non-retrievable URI is `urn:isbn:0-380-81593-1` which is an unique identifier for a book, through the urn scheme (see :rfc:`3187`). Of course, any URI can be made retrievable via a dedicated server or a new protocol but this one has no explicit protocol. Same thing for the scheme tag (see :rfc:`4151`), often used in Web syndication (see :rfc:`4287` about the Atom syndication format). Even when the scheme is retrievable (for instance with `http`), it is often used only as an identifier, not as a way to get a resource. See http://norman.walsh.name/2006/07/25/namesAndAddresses for a good explanation. 620/10000 · 620
80 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:323

	English The IPv6 packet format was heavily inspired by the packet format proposed for the SIPP protocol in :rfc:`1710`. The standard IPv6 header defined in :rfc:`2460` occupies 40 bytes and contains 8 different fields, as shown in the figure below. 240/10000 · 240
80 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:305

	English The `MAC address learning` algorithm allows switches to be plug-and-play. Unfortunately, the loops that arise when the network topology is not a tree are a severe problem. Forcing the switches to only be used in tree-shaped networks as hubs would be a severe limitation. To solve this problem, the inventors of Ethernet switches have developed the `Spanning Tree Protocol`. This protocol allows switches to automatically disable ports on Ethernet switches to ensure that the network does not contain any cycle that could cause frames to loop forever. 550/10000 · 550
80 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:251

	English `window`. a TCP receiver uses this 16 bits field to indicate the current size of its receive window expressed in bytes. 119/10000 · 119
80 ../../protocols/tls.rst:408

	English Since 2014, latency has become an important concern for web services. As access networks bandwidth continue to grow, latency is becoming a key factor that affects the performance of interactive web services. With TLS 1.2, the download of a web page requires a minimum of four round-trip-times, one to create the underlying TCP connection, one to exchange the ClientHello/ServerHello, one to exchange the keys and then one to send the HTTP GET and retrieve the response. This can be very long when the server is not near the client. TLS 1.3 aimed at reducing this handshake to one round-trip-time and even zero by placing some of the cryptographic handshake in the TCP handshake. This part will be discussed in the TCP chapter. We focus here on the reducing the TLS handshake to a single round-trip-time. 803/10000 · 803
81 ../../glossary.rst:77

	English is the version 4 of the Internet Protocol, the connectionless network layer protocol used in most of the Internet today. IPv4 addresses are encoded as a 32 bits field. 167/10000 · 167
81 ../../principles/network.rst:437

	English We will discuss these functions in more details when we will describe the protocols that are used in the network layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite. 148/10000 · 148
81 ../../principles/reliability.rst:271

	English 1 2 3 DLE STX 4 39/10000 · 39
81 ../../principles/sharing.rst:544

	English Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection 54/10000 · 54
81 ../../principles/security.rst:931

	English Alice selects a random integer, :math:`a` and sends :math:`A=g^{a} \mod p` to Bob 81/10000 · 81
81 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:743

	English The ``links`` command lists the links that have been instantiated and shows that mapping between the named interfaces on each node. 131/10000 · 131
81 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1190

	English Let us now consider another example. The network contains nine ASes with one host per AS. Assuming that ``AS9`` announces prefix `p9` and that ``AS2`` announces prefix `p2`. 173/10000 · 173
81 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:315

	English The `local-pref` attribute is often used to prefer some routes over others. 75/10000 · 75
81 ../../protocols/email.rst:240

	English E 1/10000 · 1

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