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103 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:359

	English 100 Gbps 8/10000 · 8
103 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:307

	English This algorithm, called the Nagle algorithm, takes a few lines of code in all TCP implementations. These lines of code have a huge impact on the packets that are exchanged in TCP/IP networks. Researchers have analyzed the distribution of the packet sizes by capturing and analyzing all the packets passing through a given link. These studies have shown several important results : 379/10000 · 379
103 ../../principles/network.rst:497

	English R4's label forwarding table 27/10000 · 27
103 ../../bibliography.rst:137

	English Mühlbauer, W., Uhlig, S., Fu, B., Meulle, M., and Maennel, O., `In search for an appropriate granularity to model routing policies <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1282380.1282398>`_. In Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols For Computer Communications (Kyoto, Japan, August 27 - 31, 2007). SIGCOMM '07. ACM, New York, NY, 145-156. 383/10000 · 383
104 ../../glossary.rst:241

	English MIME 4/10000 · 4
104 ../../principles/network.rst:501

	English ->R2 4/10000 · 4
104 ../../principles/sharing.rst:654

	English CSMA/CA uses acknowledgments like CSMA. Each frame contains a sequence number and a CRC. The CRC is used to detect transmission errors while the sequence number is used to avoid frame duplication. When a device receives a correct frame, it returns a special acknowledgment frame to the sender. CSMA/CA introduces a small delay, named `Short Inter Frame Spacing` (SIFS), between the reception of a frame and the transmission of the acknowledgment frame. This delay corresponds to the time that is required to switch the radio of a device between the reception and transmission modes. 583/10000 · 583
104 ../../principles/transport.rst:634

	English To support the connection-oriented service, the transport layer needs to include several mechanisms to enrich the connectionless network-layer service. We discuss these mechanisms in the following sections. 206/10000 · 206
104 ../../principles/security.rst:1002

	English Bob computes :math:`S_{B}=A^{b} \mod p` 39/10000 · 39
104 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:991

	English When the :manpage:`ping6(8)` is executed, it sends ICMPv6 echo request messages with increasing sequence numbers. 113/10000 · 113
104 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:400

	English `AS3` sends `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS3:AS1)` to `AS4` and, at the same time, `AS4` sends `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS4:AS1)`. `AS3` prefers the route via `AS4` and thus sends `W(2001:db8:1234/48)` to `AS4`. In the mean time, `AS4` prefers the route via `AS3` and thus sends `W(2001:db8:1234/48)` to `AS3`. Upon reception of the `BGP Withdraws`, `AS3` and `AS4` only know the direct route towards `2001:db8:1234/48`. `AS3` (resp. `AS4`) sends `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS3:AS1)` (resp. `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS4:AS1)`) to `AS4` (resp. `AS3`). `AS3` and `AS4` could in theory continue to exchange BGP messages for ever. In practice, one of them sends one message faster than the other and BGP converges. 685/10000 · 685
104 ../../protocols/email.rst:246

	English Y 1/10000 · 1
104 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377

	English Designated 10/10000 · 10
104 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:369

	English The last two headers are used to add security above IPv6 and implement IPSec. They are described in :rfc:`2402` and :rfc:`2406` and are outside the scope of this document. 171/10000 · 171
104 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:359

	English 200 3/10000 · 3
104 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:309

	English in TCP/IP networks, a large fraction of the packets are TCP segments that contain only an acknowledgment. These packets usually account for 40-50% of the packets passing through the studied link 194/10000 · 194
104 ../../bibliography.rst:138

	English Malkin, G., `RIP: An Intra-Domain Routing Protocol <http://books.google.com/books?id=BtJpQgAACAAJ>`_, Addison Wesley, 1999 122/10000 · 122
104 ../../principles/reliability.rst:409

	English An important aspect to understand before studying computer networks is the difference between a service and a protocol. For this, it is useful to start with real world examples. The traditional Post provides a service where a postman delivers letters to recipients. The Post precisely defines which types of letters (size, weight, etc) can be delivered by using the Standard Mail service. Furthermore, the format of the envelope is specified (position of the sender and recipient addresses, position of the stamp). Someone who wants to send a letter must either place the letter at a Post Office or inside one of the dedicated mailboxes. The letter will then be collected and delivered to its final recipient. Note that for the regular service the Post usually does not guarantee the delivery of each particular letter. Some letters may be lost, and some letters are delivered to the wrong mailbox. If a letter is important, then the sender can use the registered service to ensure that the letter will be delivered to its recipient. Some Post services also provide an acknowledged service or an express mail service that is faster than the regular service. 1161/10000 · 1161
105 ../../bibliography.rst:139

	English Metcalfe R., Boggs, D., `Ethernet: Distributed packet-switching for local computer networks <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/360248.3602530>`_. Communications of the ACM, 19(7):395--404, 1976. 187/10000 · 187
105 ../../glossary.rst:243

	English The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) defined in :rfc:`2045` are a set of extensions to the format of email messages that allow to use non-ASCII characters inside mail messages. A MIME message can be composed of several different parts each having a different format. 278/10000 · 278

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