cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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105 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:995

	English The :manpage:`traceroute6(8)` software is very useful to debug network problems. It sends a series of UDP segments encapsulated inside IP packets with increasing values of the HopLimit. The first packet has a HotLimit and the first router on the path returns an ICMPv6 HopLimit exceeded message. 295/10000 · 295
105 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:402

	English The example above has shown that the routes selected by BGP routers may sometimes depend on the ordering of the BGP messages that are exchanged. Other similar scenarios may be found in :rfc:`4264`. 197/10000 · 197
105 ../../protocols/email.rst:246

	English 41 2/10000 · 2
105 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:382

	English To illustrate the operation of the `Spanning Tree Protocol`, let us consider the simple network topology in the figure below. 125/10000 · 125
105 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:371

	English The `Hop-by-Hop Options` header was designed to make IPv6 easily extensible. In theory, this option could be used to define new fields that were not foreseen when IPv6 was designed. It is intended to be processed by both routers and hosts. Deploying an extension to a network protocol can be difficult in practice since some nodes already support the extensions while others still use the old version and do not understand the extension. To deal with this issue, the IPv6 designers opted for a Type-Length-Value encoding of these IPv6 options. The `Hop-by-Hop Options` header is encoded as shown below. 603/10000 · 603
105 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:362

	English The `Spanning Tree Protocol` uses its own terminology that we illustrate in the figure above. A switch port can be in three different states : `Root`, `Designated` and `Blocked`. All the ports of the `root` switch are in the `Designated` state. The state of the ports on the other switches is determined based on the `BPDU` received on each port. 346/10000 · 346
105 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:310

	English in TCP/IP networks, most of the bytes are exchanged in long packets, usually packets containing about 1440 bytes of payload which is the default MSS for hosts attached to an Ethernet network, the most popular type of LAN 220/10000 · 220
106 ../../bibliography.rst:140

	English Mills, D.L., `Computer Network Time Synchronization: the Network Time Protocol <http://books.google.com/books?id=pdTcJBfnbq8C>`_. CRC Press, March 2006, 304 pp. 160/10000 · 160
106 ../../glossary.rst:262

	English MIME document 13/10000 · 13
106 ../../principles/network.rst:506

	English Since a packet received with `label=1` must be forwarded to `R5` with `label=1`, `R2`'s `label forwarding table` could contain : 128/10000 · 128
106 ../../principles/reliability.rst:426

	English The datalink layer must deal with the transmission errors. In practice, we mainly have to deal with two types of errors in the datalink layer : 143/10000 · 143
106 ../../principles/sharing.rst:661

	English The figure below shows the basic operation of CSMA/CA devices. Before transmitting, host `A` verifies that the channel is empty for a long enough period. Then, its sends its data frame. After checking the validity of the received frame, the recipient sends an acknowledgment frame after a short SIFS delay. Host `C`, which does not participate in the frame exchange, senses the channel to be busy at the beginning of the data frame. Host `C` can use this information to determine how long the channel will be busy for. Note that as :math:`SIFS<DIFS<EIFS`, even a device that would start to sense the channel immediately after the last bit of the data frame could not decide to transmit its own frame during the transmission of the acknowledgment frame. 752/10000 · 752
106 ../../principles/security.rst:1015

	English Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
106 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:999

	English When :manpage:`traceroute6(8)` sends UDP segments, it uses the UDP source port as a way to remember the target hop for this specific UDP segment. 145/10000 · 145
106 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:404

	English From an operational perspective, the above configuration is annoying since the network operators cannot easily predict which paths are chosen. Unfortunately, there are even more annoying BGP configurations. For example, let us consider the configuration below which is often named `Bad Gadget` [GW1999]_ 303/10000 · 303
106 ../../protocols/email.rst:246

	English p 1/10000 · 1
106 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:389

	English A simple Spanning tree computed in a switched Ethernet network 62/10000 · 62
106 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:376

	English The IPv6 `Hop-by-Hop Options` header 36/10000 · 36
106 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:364

	English The `Spanning Tree Protocol` uses the ordering relationship to build the spanning tree. Each switch listens to `BPDUs` on its ports. When `BPDU = <R,c,T,p>` is received on port `q`, the switch computes the port's `root priority vector`: `V[q] = <R,c+cost[q],T,p,q>` , where `cost[q]` is the cost associated to the port over which the `BPDU` was received. The switch stores in a table the last `root priority vector` received on each port. The switch then compares its own `identifier` with the smallest `root identifier` stored in this table. If its own `identifier` is smaller, then the switch is the root of the spanning tree and is, by definition, at a distance `0` of the root. The `BPDU` of the switch is then `<R,0,R,p>`, where `R` is the switch `identifier` and `p` will be set to the port number over which the `BPDU` is sent. 834/10000 · 834
106 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:315

	English `Recent measurements <http://www.caida.org/research/traffic-analysis/pkt_size_distribution/graphs.xml>`_ indicate that these packet size distributions are still valid in today's Internet, although the packet distribution tends to become bi-modal with small packets corresponding to TCP pure acknowledgments and large 1440-bytes packets carrying most of the user data [SMASU2012]_. 380/10000 · 380

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