cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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106 ../../principles/security.rst:1015

	English Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
106 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:999

	English When :manpage:`traceroute6(8)` sends UDP segments, it uses the UDP source port as a way to remember the target hop for this specific UDP segment. 145/10000 · 145
106 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:404

	English From an operational perspective, the above configuration is annoying since the network operators cannot easily predict which paths are chosen. Unfortunately, there are even more annoying BGP configurations. For example, let us consider the configuration below which is often named `Bad Gadget` [GW1999]_ 303/10000 · 303
106 ../../protocols/email.rst:246

	English p 1/10000 · 1
106 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:389

	English A simple Spanning tree computed in a switched Ethernet network 62/10000 · 62
106 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:376

	English The IPv6 `Hop-by-Hop Options` header 36/10000 · 36
106 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:364

	English The `Spanning Tree Protocol` uses the ordering relationship to build the spanning tree. Each switch listens to `BPDUs` on its ports. When `BPDU = <R,c,T,p>` is received on port `q`, the switch computes the port's `root priority vector`: `V[q] = <R,c+cost[q],T,p,q>` , where `cost[q]` is the cost associated to the port over which the `BPDU` was received. The switch stores in a table the last `root priority vector` received on each port. The switch then compares its own `identifier` with the smallest `root identifier` stored in this table. If its own `identifier` is smaller, then the switch is the root of the spanning tree and is, by definition, at a distance `0` of the root. The `BPDU` of the switch is then `<R,0,R,p>`, where `R` is the switch `identifier` and `p` will be set to the port number over which the `BPDU` is sent. 834/10000 · 834
106 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:315

	English `Recent measurements <http://www.caida.org/research/traffic-analysis/pkt_size_distribution/graphs.xml>`_ indicate that these packet size distributions are still valid in today's Internet, although the packet distribution tends to become bi-modal with small packets corresponding to TCP pure acknowledgments and large 1440-bytes packets carrying most of the user data [SMASU2012]_. 380/10000 · 380
106 ../../principles/transport.rst:640

	English Like the connectionless service, the connection-oriented service allows several applications running on a given host to exchange data with other hosts. The port numbers described above for the connectionless service are also used by the connection-oriented service to multiplex several applications. Similarly, connection-oriented protocols use checksums/CRCs to detect transmission errors and discard segments containing an invalid checksum/CRC. 446/10000 · 446
107 ../../glossary.rst:264

	English A MIME document is a document, encoded by using the :term:`MIME` format. 72/10000 · 72
107 ../../principles/reliability.rst:428

	English Frames can be corrupted by transmission errors 46/10000 · 46
107 ../../principles/sharing.rst:668

	English Operation of a CSMA/CA device 29/10000 · 29
107 ../../principles/transport.rst:642

	English An important difference between the connectionless service and the connection-oriented one is that the transport entities in the latter maintain some state during lifetime of the connection. This state is created when a connection is established and is removed when it is released. 281/10000 · 281
107 ../../principles/security.rst:1016

	English The wikipedia page on passwords provides many of these references : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength 115/10000 · 115
107 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:410

	English The bad gadget internetwork 27/10000 · 27
107 ../../protocols/email.rst:246

	English 58 2/10000 · 2
107 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:391

	English Assume that `Switch4` is the first to boot. It sends its own `BPDU = <4,0,4,1>` (resp. `BPDU = <4,0,4,2>`) on port 1 (resp. port 2). When `Switch1` boots, it sends `BPDU = <1,0,1,1>`. This `BPDU` is received by `Switch4`, which updates its `BPDU` and root priority vector tables and computes a new `BPDU = <1,3,4,1>` (resp. `BPDU = <1,3,4,2>`) on port 1 (resp. port 2). Indeed, there is only one root priority vector and hence, it is the best one. Port 1 of `Switch4` becomes the `Root` port while its second port is still in the `Designated` state. 549/10000 · 549
107 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:378

	English In this optional header, the `Next Header` field is used to support the chain of headers. It indicates the type of the next header in the chain. IPv6 headers have different lengths. The `Hdr Ext Len` field indicates the total length of the option header in bytes. The `Opt. Type` field indicates the type of option. These types are encoded such that their high order bits specify how the header needs to be handled by nodes that do not recognize it. The following values are defined for the two high order bits : 512/10000 · 512
107 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:366

	English Otherwise, the switch chooses the best priority vector from its table, `bv = <R,c+cost[q'],T,p,q'>`. The port `q'`, over which this best root priority vector was learned, is the switch port that is closest to the `root` switch. This port becomes the `Root` port of the switch. There is only one `Root` port per switch (except for the `Root` switches whose ports are all `Designated`). The switch can then compute its own `BPDU` as `BPDU = <R,c',S,p>` , where `R` is the `root identifier`, `c'` the cost of the best root priority vector, `S` the identifier of the switch and `p` will be replaced by the number of the port over which the `BPDU` will be sent. 656/10000 · 656
107 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:322

	English TCP windows 11/10000 · 11

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