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7 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:92
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider the following scenario for the ALOHA medium access control algorithm. Three hosts are attached to a one-kilometer long cable and transmit 1000 bits frames at 1 Mbps. Each arrow represents a request to transmit a frame on the corresponding host. Each square represents 250 microseconds in the figure. Represent all the transmitted frames and list the frames that collide. 379/10000 · 379
7 ../../index.rst:57
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Part 2: Protocols 17/10000 · 17
7 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:102
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `DATA.request(destination,message)` is used to send a message to a specified destination. In this socket API, this corresponds to the ``send`` method. 150/10000 · 150
7 ../../principles/naming.rst:23
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A :term:`hosts.txt` file can be used when there are up to a few hundred hosts on the network. However, it is clearly not suitable for a network containing thousands or millions of hosts. A key issue in a large network is to define a suitable naming scheme. The ARPANet initially used a flat naming space, i.e. each host was assigned a unique name. To limit collisions between names, these names usually contained the name of the institution and a suffix to identify the host inside the institution (a kind of poor man's hierarchical naming scheme). On the ARPANet few institutions had several hosts connected to the network. 624/10000 · 624
7 ../../principles/network.rst:43
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The second type of datalink layer is the one used in Local Area Networks (LAN). Conceptually, a LAN is a set of communicating devices such that any two devices can directly exchange frames through the datalink layer. Both hosts and routers can be connected to a LAN. Some LANs only connect a few devices, but there are LANs that can connect hundreds or even thousands of devices. In this chapter, we focus on the utilization of point-to-point datalink layers. We describe later the organization and the operation of Local Area Networks and their impact on the network layer. 574/10000 · 574
7 ../../bibliography.rst:13
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - local and metropolitan area networks - specific requirements - Part 3 : Carrier Sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specification. IEEE, 2000. Available from http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html 422/10000 · 422
7 ../../exercises/network.rst:51
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Same question as above, but the network is modified as shown in the figure below. 81/10000 · 81
7 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:21
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a `number` (0 or 1) 19/10000 · 19
7 ../../glossary.rst:17
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to `one` receiver that belongs to a specified group 116/10000 · 116
7 ../../exercises/transport.rst:44
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Continue the connection so that `Host B` sends `Hello` as data and `Host A` replies by sending `Pleased to meet you`. After having received the response, `Host B` closes the connection gracefully and `Host A` does the same. Discuss on the state that needs to be maintained inside each host. 290/10000 · 290
7 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:46
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Starting from the bottom, the first layer is the Physical layer. Two communicating devices are linked through a physical medium. This physical medium is used to transfer an electrical or optical signal between two directly connected devices. 241/10000 · 241
7 ../../principles/reliability.rst:35
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `wireless`. In this case, a radio signal is used to encode the information exchanged between the communicating devices. Many types of modulation techniques are used to send information over a wireless channel and there is lot of innovation in this field with new techniques appearing every year. While most wireless networks rely on radio signals, some use a laser that sends light pulses to a remote detector. These optical techniques allow to create point-to-point links while radio-based techniques can be used to build networks containing devices spread over a small geographical area. 589/10000 · 589
7 ../../principles/sharing.rst:61
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A third organization of a computer network is a star topology. In such networks, hosts have a single physical interface and there is one physical link between each host and the center of the star. The node at the center of the star can be either a piece of equipment that amplifies an electrical signal, or an active device, such as a piece of equipment that understands the format of the messages exchanged through the network. Of course, the failure of the central node implies the failure of the network. However, if one physical link fails (e.g. because the cable has been cut), then only one node is disconnected from the network. In practice, star-shaped networks are easier to operate and maintain than bus-shaped networks. Many network administrators also appreciate the fact that they can control the network from a central point. Administered from a Web interface, or through a console-like connection, the center of the star is a useful point of control (enabling or disabling devices) and an excellent observation point (usage statistics). 1051/10000 · 1051
7 ../../principles/transport.rst:42
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — An `application-level protocol` is similar to a structured conversation between humans. Assume that Alice wants to know the current time but does not have a watch. If Bob passes close by, the following conversation could take place : 233/10000 · 233
7 ../../protocols/dns.rst:26
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `Transaction ID` (transaction identifier) is a 16-bits random value chosen by the client. When a client sends a question to a DNS server, it remembers the question and its identifier. When a server returns an answer, it returns in the `Transaction ID` field the identifier chosen by the client. Thanks to this identifier, the client can match the received answer with the question that it sent. 398/10000 · 398
7 ../../principles/security.rst:64
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — When analyzing security issues in computer networks, it is useful to reason about the capabilities of the attacker who wants to exploit some breach in the security of the network. There are different types of attackers. Some have generic capabilities, others are specific to a given technology or network protocol. In this section, we discuss some important threats that a network architect must take into account. 414/10000 · 414
7 ../../exercises/dns.rst:33
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — where 5/10000 · 5
7 ../../exercises/email.rst:16
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Use your preferred email tool to send an email message to yourself containing a single line of text. Most email tools have the ability to show the `source` of the message, use this function to look at the message that you sent and the message that you received. Can you find an explanation for all the lines that have been added to your single line email ? 356/10000 · 356
7 ../../exercises/http.rst:23
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Can you explain the different headers found in the response ? 61/10000 · 61
7 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:33 • ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:142
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider the network shown in the figure below. In this network, the following addresses are used. 98/10000 · 98