cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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113 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:335 • ../../protocols/tcp.rst:348

	English 10 msec 7/10000 · 7
113 ../../bibliography.rst:150

	English Nygren E, Sitaraman RK, Sun J., `The Akamai network: a platform for high-performance Internet applications <https://doi.org/10.1145/1842733.1842736>`_. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. 2010 Aug 17;44(3):2-19. 212/10000 · 212
114 ../../glossary.rst:21

	English multicast 9/10000 · 9
114 ../../principles/network.rst:542

	English The figure below shows the path followed by the packets on the `R1->R3->R4->R2->R5` path in red with on each arrow the label used in the packets. 145/10000 · 145
114 ../../principles/reliability.rst:440

	English The only solution to protect against transmission errors is to add redundancy to the frames that are sent. `Information Theory` defines two mechanisms that can be used to transmit information over a transmission channel affected by random errors. These two mechanisms add redundancy to the transmitted information, to allow the receiver to detect or sometimes even correct transmission errors. A detailed discussion of these mechanisms is outside the scope of this chapter, but it is useful to consider a simple mechanism to understand its operation and its limitations. 570/10000 · 570
114 ../../principles/sharing.rst:732

	English The hidden station problem 26/10000 · 26
114 ../../principles/transport.rst:716

	English the `transport clock` must continue to be incremented even if the transport entity stops or reboots 99/10000 · 99
114 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:422

	English `AS4` advertises `U(p,AS4:AS1:AS0)` to `AS3`. 45/10000 · 45
114 ../../protocols/email.rst:248

	English 59 2/10000 · 2
114 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:413

	English Virtual Local Area Networks in a switched Ethernet network 58/10000 · 58
114 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:395

	English The `Fragment Options` header is more important. An important problem in the network layer is the ability to handle heterogeneous datalink layers. Most datalink layer technologies can only transmit and receive frames that are shorter than a given maximum frame size. Unfortunately, all datalink layer technologies use different maximum frames sizes. 349/10000 · 349
114 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375

	English Blocked 7/10000 · 7
114 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:335

	English 52.4 Mbps 9/10000 · 9
114 ../../bibliography.rst:151

	English Paxson, V. , `End-to-end Internet packet dynamics <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/263109.263155>`_. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 27, 4 (Oct. 1997), 139-152. 161/10000 · 161
115 ../../glossary.rst:23

	English a transmission mode where an information is sent efficiently to `all` the receivers that belong to a given group 112/10000 · 112
115 ../../principles/network.rst:567

	English MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) is the example of a deployed networking technology that relies on label switching. MPLS is more complex than the above description because it has been designed to be easily integrated with datagram technologies. However, the principles remain. `Asynchronous Transfer Mode` (ATM) and Frame Relay are other examples of technologies that rely on `label switching`. 398/10000 · 398
115 ../../principles/reliability.rst:442

	English `Information theory` defines `coding schemes`. There are different types of coding schemes, but let us focus on coding schemes that operate on binary strings. A coding scheme is a function that maps information encoded as a string of `m` bits into a string of `n` bits. The simplest coding scheme is the (even) parity coding. This coding scheme takes an `m` bits source string and produces an `m+1` bits coded string where the first `m` bits of the coded string are the bits of the source string and the last bit of the coded string is chosen such that the coded string will always contain an even number of bits set to `1`. For example : 638/10000 · 638
115 ../../principles/sharing.rst:738

	English To avoid collisions in these situations, CSMA/CA allows devices to reserve the transmission channel for some time. This is done by using two control frames : `Request To Send` (RTS) and `Clear To Send` (CTS). Both are very short frames to minimize the risk of collisions. To reserve the transmission channel, a device sends a RTS frame to the intended recipient of the data frame. The RTS frame contains the duration of the requested reservation. The recipient replies, after a SIFS delay, with a CTS frame which also contains the duration of the reservation. As the duration of the reservation has been sent in both RTS and CTS, all hosts that could collide with either the sender or the reception of the data frame are informed of the reservation. They can compute the total duration of the transmission and defer their access to the transmission channel until then. This is illustrated in the figure below where host `A` reserves the transmission channel to send a data frame to host `B`. Host `C` notices the reservation and defers its transmission. 1053/10000 · 1053
115 ../../principles/transport.rst:722

	English Transport clock 15/10000 · 15
115 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:423

	English `AS3` sends `U(p, AS3:AS0)` to `AS1` and `AS4`. `AS1` selects the path via `AS3` since this is its preferred path. `AS4` still uses the path via `AS1`. 151/10000 · 151

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