cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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114 ../../protocols/email.rst:248

	English 59 2/10000 · 2
114 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:413

	English Virtual Local Area Networks in a switched Ethernet network 58/10000 · 58
114 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:395

	English The `Fragment Options` header is more important. An important problem in the network layer is the ability to handle heterogeneous datalink layers. Most datalink layer technologies can only transmit and receive frames that are shorter than a given maximum frame size. Unfortunately, all datalink layer technologies use different maximum frames sizes. 349/10000 · 349
114 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375

	English Blocked 7/10000 · 7
114 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:335

	English 52.4 Mbps 9/10000 · 9
114 ../../bibliography.rst:151

	English Paxson, V. , `End-to-end Internet packet dynamics <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/263109.263155>`_. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 27, 4 (Oct. 1997), 139-152. 161/10000 · 161
115 ../../glossary.rst:23

	English a transmission mode where an information is sent efficiently to `all` the receivers that belong to a given group 112/10000 · 112
115 ../../principles/network.rst:567

	English MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) is the example of a deployed networking technology that relies on label switching. MPLS is more complex than the above description because it has been designed to be easily integrated with datagram technologies. However, the principles remain. `Asynchronous Transfer Mode` (ATM) and Frame Relay are other examples of technologies that rely on `label switching`. 398/10000 · 398
115 ../../principles/reliability.rst:442

	English `Information theory` defines `coding schemes`. There are different types of coding schemes, but let us focus on coding schemes that operate on binary strings. A coding scheme is a function that maps information encoded as a string of `m` bits into a string of `n` bits. The simplest coding scheme is the (even) parity coding. This coding scheme takes an `m` bits source string and produces an `m+1` bits coded string where the first `m` bits of the coded string are the bits of the source string and the last bit of the coded string is chosen such that the coded string will always contain an even number of bits set to `1`. For example : 638/10000 · 638
115 ../../principles/sharing.rst:738

	English To avoid collisions in these situations, CSMA/CA allows devices to reserve the transmission channel for some time. This is done by using two control frames : `Request To Send` (RTS) and `Clear To Send` (CTS). Both are very short frames to minimize the risk of collisions. To reserve the transmission channel, a device sends a RTS frame to the intended recipient of the data frame. The RTS frame contains the duration of the requested reservation. The recipient replies, after a SIFS delay, with a CTS frame which also contains the duration of the reservation. As the duration of the reservation has been sent in both RTS and CTS, all hosts that could collide with either the sender or the reception of the data frame are informed of the reservation. They can compute the total duration of the transmission and defer their access to the transmission channel until then. This is illustrated in the figure below where host `A` reserves the transmission channel to send a data frame to host `B`. Host `C` notices the reservation and defers its transmission. 1053/10000 · 1053
115 ../../principles/transport.rst:722

	English Transport clock 15/10000 · 15
115 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:423

	English `AS3` sends `U(p, AS3:AS0)` to `AS1` and `AS4`. `AS1` selects the path via `AS3` since this is its preferred path. `AS4` still uses the path via `AS1`. 151/10000 · 151
115 ../../protocols/email.rst:250 • ../../protocols/email.rst:252

	English 9 1/10000 · 1
115 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:415

	English IEEE defined in the [IEEE802.1q]_ standard a special header to encode the VLAN identifiers. This 32 bit header includes a 12 bit VLAN field that contains the VLAN identifier of each frame. The format of the [IEEE802.1q]_ header is described below. 247/10000 · 247
115 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:399

	English Each datalink layer has its own characteristics and as indicated earlier, each datalink layer is characterized by a maximum frame size. From IP's point of view, a datalink layer interface is characterized by its `Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)`. The MTU of an interface is the largest packet (including header) that it can send. The table below provides some common MTU sizes. 377/10000 · 377
115 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377

	English yes 3/10000 · 3
115 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:336 • ../../protocols/tcp.rst:349

	English 100 msec 8/10000 · 8
115 ../../bibliography.rst:152

	English Perlman, R., `An algorithm for distributed computation of a spanning tree in an extended LAN <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/318951.319004>`_. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 15, 4 (September 1985), 44-53. 207/10000 · 207
116 ../../glossary.rst:238

	English nameserver 10/10000 · 10
116 ../../principles/reliability.rst:444

	English `1001` is encoded as `10010` 28/10000 · 28

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