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132 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:422

	English To solve these problems, IPv6 includes a packet fragmentation and reassembly mechanism. In IPv4, fragmentation was performed by both the hosts and the intermediate routers. However, experience with IPv4 has shown that fragmenting packets in routers was costly [KM1995]_. For this reason, the developers of IPv6 have decided that routers would not fragment packets anymore. In IPv6, fragmentation is only performed by the source host. If a source has to send a packet which is larger than the MTU of the outgoing interface, the packet needs to be fragmented before being transmitted. In IPv6, each packet fragment is an IPv6 packet that includes the `Fragmentation` header. This header is included by the source in each packet fragment. The receiver uses them to reassemble the received fragments. 797/10000 · 797
132 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:5

	English 802.11 wireless networks 24/10000 · 24
132 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:388

	English However, when a data segment is lost, as illustrated in the bottom part of the figure, the measurement is ambiguous as the sender cannot determine whether the received acknowledgment was triggered by the first transmission of segment `123` or its retransmission. Using incorrect round-trip-time estimations could lead to incorrect values of the retransmission timeout. For this reason, Phil Karn and Craig Partridge proposed, in [KP91]_, to ignore the round-trip-time measurements performed during retransmissions. 514/10000 · 514
132 ../../principles/dv.rst:57

	English the new route was learned over the same link as the current best route towards this destination `(R[d].link == l)` 114/10000 · 114
132 ../../bibliography.rst:332

	English Senapathi, S., Hernandez, R., `Introduction to TCP Offload Engines <http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/power/1q04-her.pdf>`_, March 2004 138/10000 · 138
133 ../../bibliography.rst:334

	English Semke, J., Mahdavi, J., and Mathis, M., `Automatic TCP buffer tuning <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/285243.285292>`_. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 28, 4 (Oct. 1998), 315-323. 180/10000 · 180
133 ../../glossary.rst:56

	English a packet is the unit of information transfer in the network layer 65/10000 · 65
133 ../../principles/dv.rst:59

	English The first condition ensures that the router discovers the shortest path towards each destination. The second condition is used to take into account the changes of routes that may occur after a link failure or a change of the metric associated to a link. 253/10000 · 253
133 ../../principles/reliability.rst:467 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:484

	English 010 3/10000 · 3
133 ../../principles/transport.rst:778

	English To deal with all these characteristics of the network layer, we need to adapt the techniques that we have introduced in the datalink layer. 139/10000 · 139
133 ../../principles/sharing.rst:809

	English After having transmitted its data frame, the station must remain in `Transmit` mode until it has received the last bit of its own data frame. This ensures that the bits sent by a station do not remain in the network forever. A data frame sent by a station in a Token Ring network passes in front of all stations attached to the network. Each station can detect the data frame and analyze the destination address to possibly capture the frame. 442/10000 · 442
133 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:473

	English Several web sites collect and analyze data about the evolution of BGP in the global Internet. http://bgp.potaroo.net provides lots of statistics and analyzes that are updated daily. 181/10000 · 181
133 ../../protocols/email.rst:254

	English 45 2/10000 · 2
133 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:427

	English IPv6 fragmentation header 25/10000 · 25
133 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:7

	English The radio spectrum is a limited resource that must be shared by everyone. During most of the twentieth century, governments and international organizations have regulated most of the radio spectrum. This regulation controls the utilization of the radio spectrum, in order to prevent interference among different users. A company that wants to use a frequency range in a given region must apply for a license from the regulator. Most regulators charge a fee for the utilization of the radio spectrum and some governments have encouraged competition among companies bidding for the same frequency to increase the license fees. 624/10000 · 624
133 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:394

	English To avoid this ambiguity in the estimation of the round-trip-time when segments are retransmitted, recent TCP implementations rely on the `timestamp option` defined in :rfc:`1323`. This option allows a TCP sender to place two 32 bit timestamps in each TCP segment that it sends. The first timestamp, TS Value (`TSval`) is chosen by the sender of the segment. It could for example be the current value of its real-time clock [#ftimestamp]_. The second value, TS Echo Reply (`TSecr`), is the last `TSval` that was received from the remote host and stored in the :term:`TCB`. The figure below shows how the utilization of this timestamp option allows for the disambiguation of the round-trip-time measurement when there are retransmissions. 736/10000 · 736
134 ../../bibliography.rst:340

	English Stevens R. and Fenner, and Rudoff, A., `UNIX Network Programming: The sockets networking API <http://books.google.com/books?id=ptSC4LpwGA0C>`_, Addison Wesley, 2004 164/10000 · 164
134 ../../glossary.rst:51

	English PBL 3/10000 · 3
134 ../../principles/dv.rst:61

	English To understand the operation of a distance vector protocol, let us consider the network of five routers shown below. 115/10000 · 115
134 ../../principles/reliability.rst:468 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:485

	English 100 3/10000 · 3

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