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133 ../../glossary.rst:56
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a packet is the unit of information transfer in the network layer 65/10000 · 65
133 ../../principles/dv.rst:59
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The first condition ensures that the router discovers the shortest path towards each destination. The second condition is used to take into account the changes of routes that may occur after a link failure or a change of the metric associated to a link. 253/10000 · 253
133 ../../principles/reliability.rst:467 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:484
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 010 3/10000 · 3
133 ../../principles/transport.rst:778
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — To deal with all these characteristics of the network layer, we need to adapt the techniques that we have introduced in the datalink layer. 139/10000 · 139
133 ../../principles/sharing.rst:809
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — After having transmitted its data frame, the station must remain in `Transmit` mode until it has received the last bit of its own data frame. This ensures that the bits sent by a station do not remain in the network forever. A data frame sent by a station in a Token Ring network passes in front of all stations attached to the network. Each station can detect the data frame and analyze the destination address to possibly capture the frame. 442/10000 · 442
133 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:473
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Several web sites collect and analyze data about the evolution of BGP in the global Internet. http://bgp.potaroo.net provides lots of statistics and analyzes that are updated daily. 181/10000 · 181
133 ../../protocols/email.rst:254
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 45 2/10000 · 2
133 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:427
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — IPv6 fragmentation header 25/10000 · 25
133 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:7
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The radio spectrum is a limited resource that must be shared by everyone. During most of the twentieth century, governments and international organizations have regulated most of the radio spectrum. This regulation controls the utilization of the radio spectrum, in order to prevent interference among different users. A company that wants to use a frequency range in a given region must apply for a license from the regulator. Most regulators charge a fee for the utilization of the radio spectrum and some governments have encouraged competition among companies bidding for the same frequency to increase the license fees. 624/10000 · 624
133 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:394
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — To avoid this ambiguity in the estimation of the round-trip-time when segments are retransmitted, recent TCP implementations rely on the `timestamp option` defined in :rfc:`1323`. This option allows a TCP sender to place two 32 bit timestamps in each TCP segment that it sends. The first timestamp, TS Value (`TSval`) is chosen by the sender of the segment. It could for example be the current value of its real-time clock [#ftimestamp]_. The second value, TS Echo Reply (`TSecr`), is the last `TSval` that was received from the remote host and stored in the :term:`TCB`. The figure below shows how the utilization of this timestamp option allows for the disambiguation of the round-trip-time measurement when there are retransmissions. 736/10000 · 736
134 ../../bibliography.rst:340
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Stevens R. and Fenner, and Rudoff, A., `UNIX Network Programming: The sockets networking API <http://books.google.com/books?id=ptSC4LpwGA0C>`_, Addison Wesley, 2004 164/10000 · 164
134 ../../glossary.rst:51
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — PBL 3/10000 · 3
134 ../../principles/dv.rst:61
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — To understand the operation of a distance vector protocol, let us consider the network of five routers shown below. 115/10000 · 115
134 ../../principles/reliability.rst:468 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:485
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 100 3/10000 · 3
134 ../../principles/sharing.rst:817
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The text above describes the basic operation of a Token Ring network when all stations work correctly. Unfortunately, a real Token Ring network must be able to handle various types of anomalies and this increases the complexity of Token Ring stations. We briefly list the problems and outline their solutions below. A detailed description of the operation of Token Ring stations may be found in [IEEE802.5]_. The first problem is when all the stations attached to the network start. One of them must bootstrap the network by sending the first token. For this, all stations implement a distributed election mechanism that is used to select the `Monitor`. Any station can become a `Monitor`. The `Monitor` manages the Token Ring network and ensures that it operates correctly. Its first role is to introduce a delay of 24 bit transmission times to ensure that the token can travel smoothly on the ring. Second, the `Monitor` sends the first token on the ring. It must also verify that the token passes regularly. According to the Token Ring standard [IEEE802.5]_, a station cannot retain the token to transmit data frames for a duration longer than the `Token Holding Time` (THT) (slightly less than 10 milliseconds). On a network containing `N` stations, the `Monitor` must receive the token at least every :math:`N \times THT` seconds. If the `Monitor` does not receive a token during such a period, it cuts the ring for some time and then re-initializes the ring and sends a token. 1482/10000 · 1482
134 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:475
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — See http://as-rank.caida.org/ for an analysis of the interconnections between domains based on measurements collected in the global Internet. 142/10000 · 142
134 ../../protocols/email.rst:254
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — t 1/10000 · 1
134 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:429
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — If a router receives a packet that is too long to be forwarded, the packet is dropped and the router returns an ICMPv6 message to inform the sender of the problem. The sender can then either fragment the packet or perform Path MTU discovery. In IPv6, packet fragmentation is performed only by the source by using IPv6 options. 326/10000 · 326
134 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:9
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the 1970s, after the first experiments with ALOHANet, interest in wireless networks grew. Many experiments were done on and outside the ARPANet. One of these experiments was the `first mobile phone <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm>`_ , which was developed and tested in 1973. This experimental mobile phone was the starting point for the first generation analog mobile phones. Given the growing demand for mobile phones, it was clear that the analog mobile phone technology was not sufficient to support a large number of users. To support more users and new services, researchers in several countries worked on the development of digital mobile telephones. In 1987, several European countries decided to develop the standards for a common cellular telephone system across Europe : the `Global System for Mobile Communications` (GSM). Since then, the standards have evolved and more than three billion users are connected to GSM networks today. 979/10000 · 979
134 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:400
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Disambiguating round-trip-time measurements with the :rfc:`1323` timestamp option 81/10000 · 81