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135 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:433

	English In IPv6, fragmentation is performed exclusively by the source host and relies on the fragmentation header. This 64 bits header is composed of six fields : 154/10000 · 154
135 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:13

	English While most of the frequency ranges of the radio spectrum are reserved for specific applications and require a special license, there are a few exceptions. These exceptions are known as the `Industrial, Scientific and Medical <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_band>`_ (ISM) radio bands. These bands can be used for industrial, scientific and medical applications without requiring a license from the regulator. For example, some radio-controlled models use the 27 MHz ISM band and some cordless telephones operate in the 915 MHz ISM. In 1985, the 2.400-2.500 GHz band was added to the list of ISM bands. This frequency range corresponds to the frequencies that are emitted by microwave ovens. Sharing this band with licensed applications would have likely caused interference, given the large number of microwave ovens that are used. Despite the risk of interference with microwave ovens, the opening of the 2.400-2.500 GHz allowed the networking industry to develop several wireless network techniques to allow computers to exchange data without using cables. In this section, we discuss in more detail the most popular one, i.e. the WiFi [IEEE802.11]_ family of wireless networks. Other wireless networking techniques such as `BlueTooth <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTooth>`_ or `HiperLAN <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperLAN>`_ use the same frequency range. 1365/10000 · 1365
135 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:402

	English Once the round-trip-time measurements have been collected for a given TCP connection, the TCP entity must compute the retransmission timeout. As the round-trip-time measurements may change during the lifetime of a connection, the retransmission timeout may also change. At the beginning of a connection [#ftcbtouch]_, the TCP entity that sends a `SYN` segment does not know the round-trip-time to reach the remote host and the initial retransmission timeout is usually set to 3 seconds :rfc:`2988`. 498/10000 · 498
135 ../../principles/transport.rst:782

	English Reliable transport protocols also use sequence numbers and acknowledgment numbers. While reliable protocols in the datalink layer use one sequence number per frame, reliable transport protocols consider all the data transmitted as a stream of bytes. In these protocols, the sequence number placed in the segment header corresponds to the position of the first byte of the payload in the bytestream. This sequence number allows detecting losses but also enables the receiver to reorder the out-of-sequence segments. This is illustrated in the figure below. 555/10000 · 555
136 ../../glossary.rst:244

	English POP 3/10000 · 3
136 ../../principles/dv.rst:119

	English `B` and `D` process the received distance vector and update their routing table with a route towards `A`. 105/10000 · 105
136 ../../principles/reliability.rst:470 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:487

	English 110 3/10000 · 3
136 ../../principles/transport.rst:801

	English Using sequence numbers to count bytes has also one advantage when the transport layer needs to fragment SDUs in several segments. The figure below shows the fragmentation of a large SDU in two segments. Upon reception of the segments, the receiver will use the sequence numbers to correctly reorder the data. 308/10000 · 308
136 ../../principles/sharing.rst:823

	English Congestion control 18/10000 · 18
136 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:480

	English See ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase for the RIPE database that contains the import and export policies of many European ISPs. 123/10000 · 123
136 ../../protocols/email.rst:254

	English \+ 2/10000 · 2
136 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:435

	English a `Next Header` field that indicates the type of the header that follows the fragmentation header 97/10000 · 97
136 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:15

	English Today, WiFi is a very popular wireless networking technology. There are more than several hundreds of millions of WiFi devices. The development of this technology started in the late 1980s with the `WaveLAN <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN>`_ proprietary wireless network. WaveLAN operated at 2 Mbps and used different frequency bands in different regions of the world. In the early 1990s, the IEEE_ created the `802.11 working group <http://www.ieee802.org/11/>`_ to standardize a family of wireless network technologies. This working group was very prolific and produced several wireless networking standards that use different frequency ranges and different physical layers. The table below provides a summary of the main 802.11 standards. 747/10000 · 747
136 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:404

	English The original TCP specification proposed in :rfc:`793` to include two additional variables in the TCB : 102/10000 · 102
136 ../../bibliography.rst:342

	English Sarrar, N., Maier, G., Ager, B., Sommer, R. and Uhlig, S., `Investigating IPv6 traffic <http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-28537-0_2>`_, Passive and Active Measurements, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol 7192, 2012, pp.11-20 244/10000 · 244
137 ../../glossary.rst:246

	English The Post Office Protocol (POP), defined :rfc:`1939`, is an application-level protocol that allows a client to download email messages stored on a server. 153/10000 · 153
137 ../../principles/dv.rst:120

	English `D` sends its distance vector `[D=0,A=1]` to `A` and `E`. `E` can now reach `A` and `D`. 88/10000 · 88
137 ../../principles/reliability.rst:471 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:488

	English 101 3/10000 · 3
137 ../../principles/sharing.rst:825

	English Most networks contain links having different bandwidth. Some hosts can use low bandwidth wireless networks. Some servers are attached via 10 Gbps interfaces and inter-router links may vary from a few tens of kilobits per second up to hundred Gbps. Despite these huge differences in performance, any host should be able to efficiently exchange segments with a high-end server. 375/10000 · 375
137 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:482

	English In this text, we consider Autonomous System and domain as synonyms. In practice, a domain may be divided into several Autonomous Systems, but we ignore this detail. 165/10000 · 165

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