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7 ../../protocols/udp.rst:19
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The figure below shows a typical usage of the UDP port numbers. The client process uses port number `1234` while the server process uses port number `5678`. When the client sends a request, it is identified as originating from port number `1234` on the client host and destined to port number `5678` on the server host. When the server process replies to this request, the server's UDP implementation will send the reply as originating from port `5678` on the server host and destined to port `1234` on the client host. 520/10000 · 520
7 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:19
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Frequency 9/10000 · 9
8 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:119
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Same question as above, but now consider that the hosts transmit 1000 bits frames at 100 Mbps. The cable has a length of 2 kilometers. C is in the middle of the cable. Each square in the figure below corresponds to 10 microseconds. 231/10000 · 231
8 ../../index.rst:85
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Part 3: Practice 16/10000 · 16
8 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:103
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `DATA.indication(message)` is issued by the transport service to deliver a message to the application. In the socket API, this corresponds to the return of the ``recv`` method that is called by the application. 210/10000 · 210
8 ../../principles/naming.rst:25
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — However, the limitations of a flat naming scheme became clear before the end of the ARPANet and :rfc:`819` proposed a hierarchical naming scheme. While :rfc:`819` discussed the possibility of organizing the names as a directed graph, the Internet opted for a tree structure capable of containing all names. In this tree, the top-level domains are those that are directly attached to the root. The first top-level domain was `.arpa` [#fdnstimeline]_. This top-level name was initially added as a suffix to the names of the hosts attached to the ARPANet and listed in the `hosts.txt` file. In 1984, the `.gov`, `.edu`, `.com`, `.mil` and `.org` generic top-level domain names were added. :rfc:`1032` proposed the utilization of the two letter :term:`ISO-3166` country codes as top-level domain names. Since :term:`ISO-3166` defines a two letter code for each country recognized by the United Nations, this allowed all countries to automatically have a top-level domain. These domains include `.be` for Belgium, `.fr` for France, `.us` for the USA, `.ie` for Ireland or `.tv` for Tuvalu, a group of small islands in the Pacific or `.tm` for Turkmenistan. The set of top-level domain-names is managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (:term:`ICANN`). :term:`ICANN` adds generic top-level domains that are not related to a country and the `.cat` top-level domain has been registered for the Catalan language. There are ongoing discussions within :term:`ICANN` to increase the number of top-level domains. 1525/10000 · 1525
8 ../../principles/reliability.rst:39
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The physical layer 18/10000 · 18
8 ../../bibliography.rst:14
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements--Part 5: Token Ring Access Method and Physical Layer Specification. IEEE, 1998. available from http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802 352/10000 · 352
8 ../../exercises/network.rst:76
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Routing protocols used in data networks only use positive link weights. What would happen with a distance vector routing protocol in the network below that contains a negative link weight ? 189/10000 · 189
8 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:22
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a `length` field that indicates the length of the data 54/10000 · 54
8 ../../glossary.rst:114
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — API 3/10000 · 3
8 ../../exercises/transport.rst:46
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A transport connection that provides a message-mode service has been active for some time and all data has been exchanged and acknowledged in both directions. As in the exercise above, the sequence number is incremented after the transmission of each segment. At this time, `Host A` sends two DATA segments as shown in the figure below. 336/10000 · 336
8 ../../principles/sharing.rst:78
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A fourth physical organization of a network is the ring topology. Like the bus organization, each host has a single physical interface connecting it to the ring. Any signal sent by a host on the ring will be received by all hosts attached to the ring. From a redundancy point of view, a single ring is not the best solution, as the signal only travels in one direction on the ring; thus if one of the links composing the ring is cut, the entire network fails. In practice, such rings have been used in local area networks, but are now often replaced by star-shaped networks. In metropolitan networks, rings are often used to interconnect multiple locations. In this case, two parallel links, composed of different cables, are often used for redundancy. With such a dual ring, when one ring fails all the traffic can be quickly switched to the other ring. 854/10000 · 854
8 ../../principles/transport.rst:44
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Alice : `Hello` 15/10000 · 15
8 ../../principles/security.rst:73
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The first type of attacker is called the `passive attacker`. A `passive attacker` is someone able to observe and usually store the information (e.g. the packets) exchanged in a given network or subset of it (e.g. a specific link). This attacker has access to all the data passing through this specific link. This is the most basic type of attacker and many network technologies are vulnerable to such attacks. In the above example, a passive attacker could easily capture the password sent by Alice and reuse it later to be authenticated as Alice on the remote computer. This is illustrated in the figure below where we do not show anymore the ``DATA.req`` and ``DATA.ind`` primitives but only the messages exchanged. Throughout this chapter, we will always use `Eve` as a user who is able to eavesdrop the data passing in front of her. 836/10000 · 836
8 ../../exercises/dns.rst:35
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — `server` is the IP address or the name of a DNS server or resolver 66/10000 · 66
8 ../../exercises/email.rst:18
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The TCP protocol supports 65536 different ports numbers. Many of these port numbers have been reserved for some applications. The official repository of the reserved port numbers is maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA_) on http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers [#fservices]_. Using this information, what is the default port number for the POP3 protocol ? Does it run on top of UDP or TCP ? 421/10000 · 421
8 ../../exercises/http.rst:25
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — HTTP 1.1, specified in :rfc:`2616`, forces the client to include the `Host:` header in all its requests. HTTP 1.0 does not define the `Host:` header, but most implementations support it. By using `telnet` and `curl` retrieve the first page of the https://www.computer-networking.info web server [#fhttps]_ by sending http requests with and without the `Host:` header. Explain the difference between the two. 407/10000 · 407
8 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:35 • ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:144 • ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:222
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — host ``A`` : ``2001:db8:1341:1::A`` and its default route points to ``2001:db8:1341:1::1`` 90/10000 · 90
8 ../../exercises/lan.rst:62
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Fig. 2. A typical enterprise backbone network 45/10000 · 45