cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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165 ../../glossary.rst:107

	English A packet is said to be spoofed when the sender of the packet has used as source address a different address than its own. 121/10000 · 121
165 ../../principles/reliability.rst:812

	English Pipelining improves the performance of reliable protocols 57/10000 · 57
165 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:9

	English Link state routing 18/10000 · 18
165 ../../principles/sharing.rst:989

	English Which binary feedback ? 23/10000 · 23
165 ../../protocols/email.rst:264

	English 33 2/10000 · 2
165 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:540

	English ``4`` : Port unreachable. This message indicates that the IPv6 packet was received by the destination, but there was no application listening to the specified port. 164/10000 · 164
165 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:47

	English Most WiFi networks are `infrastructure` networks. An `infrastructure` network contains one or more `access points` that are attached to a fixed Local Area Network (usually an Ethernet network) that is connected to other networks such as the Internet. The figure below shows such a network with two access points and four WiFi devices. Each WiFi device is associated to one access point and uses this access point as a relay to exchange frames with the devices that are associated to another access point or reachable through the LAN. 533/10000 · 533
165 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:544

	English TCP connection release 22/10000 · 22
166 ../../principles/reliability.rst:814

	English `Pipelining` allows the sender to transmit frames at a higher rate. However this higher transmission rate may overload the receiver. In this case, the frames sent by the sender will not be correctly received by their final destination. The reliable protocols that rely on pipelining allow the sender to transmit `W` unacknowledged frames before being forced to wait for an acknowledgment from the receiving entity. 414/10000 · 414
166 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:11

	English Link state routing is the second family of routing protocols. While distance vector routers use a distributed algorithm to compute their routing tables, link-state routers exchange messages to allow each router to learn the entire network topology. Based on this learned topology, each router is then able to compute its routing table by using a shortest path computation such as Dijkstra's algorithm [Dijkstra1959]_. A detailed description of this shortest path algorithm may be found in [Wikipedia:Dijkstra]_. 511/10000 · 511
166 ../../principles/sharing.rst:991

	English Two types of binary feedback are possible in computer networks. A first solution is to rely on implicit feedback. This is the solution chosen for TCP. TCP's congestion control scheme [Jacobson1988]_ does not require any cooperation from the router. It only assumes that they use buffers and that they discard packets when there is congestion. TCP uses the segment losses as an indication of congestion. When there are no losses, the network is assumed to be not congested. This implies that congestion is the main cause of packet losses. This is true in wired networks, but unfortunately not always true in wireless networks. Another solution is to rely on explicit feedback. This is the solution proposed in the DECBit congestion control scheme [RJ1995]_ and used in Frame Relay and ATM networks. This explicit feedback can be implemented in two ways. A first solution would be to define a special message that could be sent by routers to hosts when they are congested. Unfortunately, generating such messages may increase the amount of congestion in the network. Such a congestion indication packet is thus discouraged :rfc:`1812`. A better approach is to allow the intermediate routers to indicate, in the packets that they forward, their current congestion status. Binary feedback can be encoded by using one bit in the packet header. With such a scheme, congested routers set a special bit in the packets that they forward while non-congested routers leave this bit unmodified. The destination host returns the congestion status of the network in the acknowledgments that it sends. Details about such a solution in IP networks may be found in :rfc:`3168`. Unfortunately, as of this writing, this solution is still not deployed despite its potential benefits. 1763/10000 · 1763
166 ../../protocols/email.rst:264

	English h 1/10000 · 1
166 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:541

	English ``2`` : Packet Too Big. The router that was to send the ICMPv6 message received an IPv6 packet that is larger than the MTU of the outgoing link. The ICMPv6 message contains the MTU of this link in bytes. This allows the sending host to implement Path MTU discovery :rfc:`1981` 276/10000 · 276
166 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:54

	English An 802.11 infrastructure network 32/10000 · 32
166 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:548

	English TCP, like most connection-oriented transport protocols, supports two types of connection releases : 99/10000 · 99
166 ../../glossary.rst:193

	English ssh 3/10000 · 3
167 ../../glossary.rst:195

	English The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`4253` 73/10000 · 73
167 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:13

	English For link-state routing, a network is modeled as a `directed weighted graph`. Each router is a node, and the links between routers are the edges in the graph. A positive weight is associated to each directed edge and routers use the shortest path to reach each destination. In practice, different types of weights can be associated to each directed edge : 354/10000 · 354
167 ../../principles/sharing.rst:996

	English Congestion control with a window-based transport protocol 57/10000 · 57
167 ../../protocols/email.rst:264

	English 50 2/10000 · 2

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