cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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167 ../../glossary.rst:195

	English The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol is defined in :rfc:`4253` 73/10000 · 73
167 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:13

	English For link-state routing, a network is modeled as a `directed weighted graph`. Each router is a node, and the links between routers are the edges in the graph. A positive weight is associated to each directed edge and routers use the shortest path to reach each destination. In practice, different types of weights can be associated to each directed edge : 354/10000 · 354
167 ../../principles/sharing.rst:996

	English Congestion control with a window-based transport protocol 57/10000 · 57
167 ../../protocols/email.rst:264

	English 50 2/10000 · 2
167 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:542

	English ``3`` : Time Exceeded. This error message can be sent either by a router or by a host. A router would set `code` to `0` to report the reception of a packet whose `Hop Limit` reached `0`. A host would set `code` to `1` to report that it was unable to reassemble received IPv6 fragments. 285/10000 · 285
167 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:56

	English An 802.11 access point is a relay that operates in the datalink layer like switches. The figure below represents the layers of the reference model that are involved when a WiFi host communicates with a host attached to an Ethernet network through an access point. 263/10000 · 263
167 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:550

	English graceful connection release, where each TCP user can release its own direction of data transfer after having transmitted all data 129/10000 · 129
167 ../../principles/reliability.rst:816

	English This is implemented by using a `sliding window`. The sliding window is the set of consecutive sequence numbers that the sender can use when transmitting frames without being forced to wait for an acknowledgment. The figure below shows a sliding window containing five frames (`6,7,8,9` and `10`). Two of these sequence numbers (`6` and `7`) have been used to send frames and only three sequence numbers (`8`, `9` and `10`) remain in the sliding window. The sliding window is said to be closed once all sequence numbers contained in the sliding window have been used. 566/10000 · 566
168 ../../glossary.rst:287

	English standard query 14/10000 · 14
168 ../../principles/reliability.rst:822

	English The sliding window 18/10000 · 18
168 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:15

	English unit weight. If all links have a unit weight, shortest path routing prefers the paths with the least number of intermediate routers. 132/10000 · 132
168 ../../principles/sharing.rst:999

	English AIMD controls congestion by adjusting the transmission rate of the sources in reaction to the current congestion level. If the network is not congested, the transmission rate increases. If congestion is detected, the transmission rate is multiplicatively decreased. In practice, directly adjusting the transmission rate can be difficult since it requires the utilization of fine grained timers. In reliable transport protocols, an alternative is to dynamically adjust the sending window. This is the solution chosen for protocols like TCP and SCTP that will be described in more details later. To understand how window-based protocols can adjust their transmission rate, let us consider the very simple scenario of a reliable transport protocol that uses `go-back-n`. Consider the very simple scenario shown in the figure below. 828/10000 · 828
168 ../../protocols/email.rst:264

	English y 1/10000 · 1
168 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:543

	English ``4`` : Parameter Problem. This ICMPv6 message is used to report either the reception of an IPv6 packet with an erroneous header field (code `0`) or an unknown `Next Header` or IP option (codes `1` and `2`). In this case, the message body contains the erroneous IPv6 packet and the first 32 bits of the message body contain a pointer to the error. 347/10000 · 347
168 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:93

	English 802.11 devices exchange variable length frames, which have a slightly different structure than the simple frame format used in Ethernet LANs. We review the key parts of the 802.11 frames. Additional details may be found in [IEEE802.11]_ and [Gast2002]_ . An 802.11 frame contains a fixed length header, a variable length payload that may contain up 2324 bytes of user data and a 32 bits CRC. Although the payload can contain up to 2324 bytes, most 802.11 deployments use a maximum payload size of 1500 bytes as they are used in `infrastructure` networks attached to Ethernet LANs. An 802.11 data frame is shown below. 617/10000 · 617
168 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:551

	English abrupt connection release, where either one user closes both directions of data transfer or one TCP entity is forced to close the connection (e.g., because the remote host does not reply anymore or due to lack of resources) 223/10000 · 223
169 ../../glossary.rst:289

	English For DNS servers and resolvers, a standard query is a query for a `A` or a `AAAA` record. Such a query typically returns an IP address. 134/10000 · 134
169 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:16

	English weight proportional to the propagation delay on the link. If all link weights are configured this way, shortest path routing uses the paths with the smallest propagation delay. 176/10000 · 176
169 ../../protocols/email.rst:267

	English The example below, from :rfc:`4648`, illustrates the `Base64` encoding. 71/10000 · 71
169 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:546

	English The `Destination Unreachable` ICMP error message is returned when a packet cannot be forwarded to its final destination. The first four ICMPv6 error messages (type ``1``, codes ``0-3``) are generated by routers while hosts may return code ``4`` when there is no application bound to the corresponding port number. 314/10000 · 314

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