cnp3-ebook - English @ Weblate

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195 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:651

	English See http://fasterdata.es.net/tuning.html for more information on how to tune a TCP implementation 97/10000 · 97
196 ../../glossary.rst:35

	English Wide Area Network 17/10000 · 17
196 ../../principles/reliability.rst:1038

	English Reliable protocols often need to send data in both directions. To reduce the overhead caused by the acknowledgments, most reliable protocols use `piggybacking`. Thanks to this technique, a datalink entity can place the acknowledgments and the receive window that it advertises for the opposite direction of the data flow inside the header of the data frames that it sends. The main advantage of piggybacking is that it reduces the overhead as it is not necessary to send a complete frame to carry an acknowledgment. This is illustrated in the figure below where the acknowledgment number is underlined in the data frames. Piggybacking is only used when data flows in both directions. A receiver will generate a pure acknowledgment when it does not send data in the opposite direction as shown in the bottom of the figure. 821/10000 · 821
196 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:380

	English It should be noted that link state routing assumes that all routers in the network have enough memory to store the entire LSDB. The routers that do not have enough memory to store the entire LSDB cannot participate in link state routing. Some link state routing protocols allow routers to report that they do not have enough memory and must be removed from the graph by the other routers in the network, but this is outside the scope of this e-book. 449/10000 · 449
196 ../../protocols/email.rst:356

	English In this BNF, `atext` corresponds to printable ASCII characters. This BNF rule is defined in :rfc:`5322`. The five main commands are `EHLO` [#fehlo]_, `MAIL FROM:`, `RCPT TO:`, `DATA` and `QUIT`. `Postmaster` is the alias of the system administrator who is responsible for a given domain or SMTP server. All domains must have a `Postmaster` alias. 346/10000 · 346
196 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:692

	English The next step is to connect the LAN to the Internet. For this, a router is attached to the LAN. 95/10000 · 95
196 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:653

	English In theory, a TCP implementation could store the timestamp of each data segment transmitted and compute a new estimate for the round-trip-time upon reception of the corresponding acknowledgment. However, using such frequent measurements introduces a lot of noise in practice and many implementations still measure the round-trip-time once per round-trip-time by recording the transmission time of one segment at a time :rfc:`2988` 429/10000 · 429
197 ../../glossary.rst:211

	English X.25 4/10000 · 4
197 ../../principles/reliability.rst:1044

	English Piggybacking example 20/10000 · 20
197 ../../protocols/email.rst:358

	English The SMTP responses are defined by the BNF shown in the figure below. 68/10000 · 68
197 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:711

	English Assume that the LAN containing the two hosts and the router is assigned prefix ``2001:db8:1234:5678/64``. A first solution to configure the IPv6 addresses in this network is to assign them manually. A possible assignment is : 225/10000 · 225
197 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:655

	English Some security experts have raised concerns that using the real-time clock to set the `TSval` in the timestamp option can leak information such as the system's up-time. Solutions proposed to solve this problem may be found in [CNPI09]_ 234/10000 · 234
198 ../../glossary.rst:213

	English A wide area networking technology using virtual circuits that was deployed by telecommunication operators. 106/10000 · 106
198 ../../principles/reliability.rst:1052

	English SDU is the acronym of Service Data Unit. We use it as a generic term to represent the data that is transported by a protocol. 125/10000 · 125
198 ../../protocols/email.rst:363

	English BNF specification of the SMTP responses 39/10000 · 39
198 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:713

	English ``2001:db8:1234:5678::1`` is assigned to ``router`` 51/10000 · 51
198 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:657

	English As a TCP client often establishes several parallel or successive connections with the same server, :rfc:`2140` has proposed to reuse for a new connection some information that was collected in the TCB of a previous connection, such as the measured rtt. However, this solution has not been widely implemented. 308/10000 · 308
199 ../../glossary.rst:199

	English X11 3/10000 · 3
199 ../../principles/reliability.rst:1054

	English The size of the sliding window can be either fixed for a given protocol or negotiated during the connection establishment phase. Some protocols allow to change the maximum window size during the data transfer. We will explain these techniques with real protocols later. 269/10000 · 269
199 ../../protocols/email.rst:366

	English SMTP servers use structured reply codes containing three digits and an optional comment. The first digit of the reply code indicates whether the command was successful or not. A reply code of `2xy` indicates that the command has been accepted. A reply code of `3xy` indicates that the command has been accepted, but additional information from the client is expected. A reply code of `4xy` indicates a transient negative reply. This means that for some reason, which is indicated by either the other digits or the comment, the command cannot be processed immediately, but there is some hope that the problem will only be transient. This is basically telling the client to try the same command again later. In contrast, a reply code of `5xy` indicates a permanent failure or error. In this case, it is useless for the client to retry the same command later. Other application layer protocols such as FTP :rfc:`959` or HTTP :rfc:`2616` use a similar structure for their reply codes. Additional details about the other reply codes may be found in :rfc:`5321`. 1057/10000 · 1057

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