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9 ../../protocols/http.rst:48
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A standardized addressing scheme that unambiguously identifies documents 72/10000 · 72
9 ../../protocols/http2.rst:57
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A first approach is to store all files on each physical server and rely on the DNS to distribute the load among them. Each physical server has its own IP address and when the DNS server receives a query for `www.service.net`, it returns the IP address of one of them. Some DNS servers use Round-Robin to return one of these IP addresses. Others measure the load of the physical servers and return the address of the less loaded one. Another possibility is to locate the physical servers in different regions and configure the DNS server to return the IP address of the server that is geographically closer to the client's IP address. 633/10000 · 633
9 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:73
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Unfortunately no datalink layer is able to send frames of unlimited side. Each datalink layer is characterized by a maximum frame size. There are more than a dozen different datalink layers and unfortunately most of them use a different maximum frame size. The network layer must cope with the heterogeneity of the datalink layer. 330/10000 · 330
9 ../../protocols/ppp.rst:19
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `Network Control Protocol` that is specific for each network layer protocol. It is used to negotiate options that are specific for each protocol. For example, IPv4's NCP :rfc:`1548` can negotiate the IPv4 address to be used, the IPv4 address of the DNS resolver. IPv6's NCP is defined in :rfc:`5072`. 304/10000 · 304
9 ../../protocols/ppp.rst:27
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — PPP frame format 16/10000 · 16
9 ../../protocols/routing.rst:29
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Intradomain routing 19/10000 · 19
9 ../../protocols/rpc.rst:18
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — This model was developed with a single host in mind. How should it be modified if the caller and the callee are different hosts connected through a network ? Since the two hosts can be different, the two main problems are the fact they do not share the same memory and that they do not necessarily use the same representation for numbers, characters, ... Let us examine how the five steps identified above can be supported through a network. 441/10000 · 441
9 ../../protocols/ssh.rst:84
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — key exchange 12/10000 · 12
9 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:22
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — On the global Internet, most of the applications used in the wide area rely on TCP. Many studies [#ftcpusage]_ have reported that TCP was responsible for more than 90% of the data exchanged in the global Internet. 213/10000 · 213
9 ../../protocols/tls.rst:43
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — POP3 4/10000 · 4
9 ../../protocols/transport-service.rst:20
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — On the Internet, the `port number` is an integer and the `host` is identified by its network address. There are two types of Internet addresses : 145/10000 · 145
9 ../../protocols/udp.rst:49
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — UDP Header Format 17/10000 · 17
9 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:19
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Max bandwidth 13/10000 · 13
9 ../../protocols/dns.rst:35
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `AA` bit is set when the server that sent the response has `authority` for the domain name found in the question section. In the original DNS deployments, two types of servers were considered : `authoritative` servers and `non-authoritative` servers. The `authoritative` servers are managed by the system administrators responsible for a given domain. They always store the most recent information about a domain. `Non-authoritative` servers are servers or resolvers that store DNS information about external domains without being managed by the owners of a domain. They may thus provide answers that are out of date. From a security point of view, the `authoritative` bit is not an absolute indication about the validity of an answer. Securing the Domain Name System is a complex problem that was only addressed satisfactorily recently by the utilization of cryptographic signatures in the DNSSEC extensions to DNS described in :rfc:`4033`. 945/10000 · 945
9 ../../bibliography.rst:15
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — IEEE, Std 802-2001 : IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture, Available from http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802-2001.pdf 177/10000 · 177
9 ../../principles/reliability.rst:41
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — These physical media can be used to exchange information once this information has been converted into a suitable electrical signal. Entire telecommunication courses and textbooks are devoted to the problem of converting analog or digital information into an electrical signal so that it can be transmitted over a given physical `link`. In this book, we only consider two very simple schemes that allow to transmit information over an electrical cable. This enables us to highlight the key problems when transmitting information over a physical link. We are only interested in techniques that allow transmitting digital information through the wire. Here, we will focus on the transmission of bits, i.e. either `0` or `1`. 722/10000 · 722
10 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:175
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Same question as above, but now assume that the retransmission timer of each host is set to 50 microseconds. 108/10000 · 108
10 ../../index.rst:173
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Indices and tables 18/10000 · 18
10 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:108
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Sending data to a peer using a socket 37/10000 · 37
10 ../../principles/naming.rst:56
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The syntax of the domain names has been defined more precisely in :rfc:`1035`. This document recommends the following :term:`BNF` for fully qualified domain names (the domain names themselves have a much richer syntax). 219/10000 · 219