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11 ../../glossary.rst:258
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol used by IPv4 devices to obtain the datalink layer address that corresponds to an IPv4 address on the local area network. ARP is defined in :rfc:`826` 195/10000 · 195
11 ../../exercises/transport.rst:92
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Same question as above, but consider now that the transport protocol tries to send large DATA segments whenever possible. For this exercise, we consider that a DATA segment can contain up to 8 bytes of data in the payload. Do not forget to show the acknowledgments in your answer. 280/10000 · 280
11 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:52
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the Physical layer may deliver `fewer` bits to the receiver than the bits sent by the sender 92/10000 · 92
11 ../../principles/sharing.rst:113
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In all these networks, except the full-mesh, the link bandwidth is shared among all connected hosts. Various algorithms have been proposed and are used to efficiently share the access to this resource. We explain several of them in the Medium Access Control section below. 272/10000 · 272
11 ../../principles/transport.rst:47
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Bob : `11:55` 13/10000 · 13
11 ../../protocols/dns.rst:41
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The last four sections of the DNS message contain `Resource Records` (RR). All RRs have the same top level format shown in the figure below. 141/10000 · 141
11 ../../principles/security.rst:134
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the previous example, we have explained how Eve could capture data from a particular user. This is not the only attack of this type. In 2013, based on documents collected by Edward Snowden, the press revealed that several governmental agencies were collecting lots of data on various links that compose the global Internet [Greenwald2014]_. Thanks to this massive amount of data, these governmental agencies have been able to extract lots of information about the behavior of Internet users. Like Eve, they are in a position to extract passwords, usernames and other privacy sensitive data from all the packets that they have captured. However, it seems that these agencies were often more interested in various meta data, e.g. information showing with whom a given user communicates than the actual data exchanged. These revelations have shocked the Internet community and the `Internet Engineering Task Force <https://www.ietf.org>`_ that manages the standardization of Internet protocols has declared in :rfc:`7258` that such pervasive monitoring is an attack that need to be countered in the development of new protocols. Several new protocols and extensions to existing ones are being developed to counter these attacks. 1228/10000 · 1228
11 ../../exercises/dns.rst:39
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — dig_ also contains some additional parameters and flags that are described in the man page. Among these, the `+trace` flag allows to trace all requests that are sent when recursively contacting DNS servers. 206/10000 · 206
11 ../../exercises/email.rst:26
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Footnotes 9/10000 · 9
11 ../../exercises/http.rst:31
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `ipvfoo <https://code.google.com/p/ipvfoo/>`_ extension on google chrome allows the user to visually detect whether a website is using IPv6 and IPv4, but also to see which web sites have been contacted when rendering a given web page. Some websites are distributed over several dozens of different servers. Can you find one ? 329/10000 · 329
11 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:40 • ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:149
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — router ``R1`` uses address ``2001:db8:1341:1::1`` on its West interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:12::1`` on its East interface and address ``2001:db8:1341:13::1`` on its South interface 185/10000 · 185
11 ../../exercises/lan.rst:77
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the network represented in Fig. 4, can the host `H0` communicate with `H1` and vice-versa? Explain. Add whatever you need in the network to allow them to communicate. 169/10000 · 169
11 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:133
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider the network below in which a stub domain, `AS456`, is connected to two providers `AS123` and `AS789`. `AS456` advertises its prefix to both its providers. On the other hand, `AS123` advertises ``2001:db8:dead::/48`` while `AS789` advertises ``2001:db8:beef::/48`` and ``2001:db8:dead:cafe::/63``. Via which provider will the packets destined to ``2001:db8:dead:cafe::1`` will be received by `AS456` ? 409/10000 · 409
11 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:152
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The password to access this daemon is `zebra`. It supports various commands that are described in the `FRRouting documentation <http://docs.frrouting.org/en/latest/ospf6d.html#showing-ospf6-information>`_ We briefly illustrate some of them below. 246/10000 · 246
11 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:57
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Let us start with the execution of a system call. A simple example is shown below. 82/10000 · 82
11 ../../exercises/trace.rst:71
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The TCP connection is then closed by exchanging three segments, the first two having the `FIN` flag set. 104/10000 · 104
11 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:43
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — There are different types of economical relationships that can exist between domains. Interdomain routing converts these relationships into peering relationships between domains that are connected via peering links. 215/10000 · 215
11 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:37
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The figure below illustrates the evolution of the congestion window when the network is lightly congested and all lost segments can be retransmitted using fast retransmit. The sender begins with a slow-start. A segment is lost but successfully retransmitted by a fast retransmit. The congestion window is divided by 2 and the sender immediately enters congestion avoidance as this was a mild congestion. 403/10000 · 403
11 ../../protocols/dnssec.rst:125
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Let us illustrate it on an example. Assume that Alice frequently uses the `example.net` domain and in particular the web server whose name is `www.example.net`. Mallory would like to redirect the TCP connections established by Alice towards `www.example.net` to one IP address that he controls. Assume that Mallory controls the `mallory.net` domain. Mallory can tune the DNS server of his domain and add special DNS records to the responses that it sends. An attack could go roughly as follows. Mallory forces Alice to visit the `www.mallory.net` web site. He can achieve this by sending a spam message to Alice or buying advertisements on a web site visited by Alice and redirect one of these advertisements to `www.mallory.net`. When visiting the advertisement, Alice's DNS resolver will send a DNS request for `www.mallory.net`. Since Mallory control the DNS server, he can easily add in the response a `AAAA` record that associates `www.example.net` to the IP address controlled by Mallory. If Alice's DNS library does not check the returned response, the cache entry for `www.example.net` will be replaced by the `AAAA` record sent by Mallory. 1148/10000 · 1148
11 ../../protocols/email.rst:60
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — a `header` that plays the same role as the letterhead in regular mail. It contains metadata about the message. 110/10000 · 110