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13 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:118
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The first argument is the file descriptor of the socket that we use to perform the communication. ``buf`` is a buffer of length ``len`` containing the bytes to send to the peer. The usage of ``flags`` argument is out of the scope of this section and can be set to 0. ``dest_addr`` is the socket address of the destination to which we want to send the bytes, its length is passed using the ``addrlen`` argument. 410/10000 · 410
13 ../../principles/naming.rst:77
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Some visually similar characters have different character codes 63/10000 · 63
13 ../../principles/network.rst:88
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — To send one byte of information to host `B`, host `A` needs to place this information inside a `packet`. In addition to the data being transmitted, the packet also contains either the addresses of the source and the destination nodes or information that indicates the path that needs to be followed to reach the destination. 324/10000 · 324
13 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:74
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The `Datalink layer` builds on the service provided by the underlying physical layer. The `Datalink layer` allows two hosts that are directly connected through the physical layer to exchange information. The unit of information exchanged between two entities in the `Datalink layer` is a frame. A frame is a finite sequence of bits. Some `Datalink layers` use variable-length frames while others only use fixed-length frames. Some `Datalink layers` provide a connection-oriented service while others provide a connectionless service. Some `Datalink layers` provide reliable delivery while others do not guarantee the correct delivery of the information. 653/10000 · 653
13 ../../principles/reliability.rst:51
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 1 Kbps 6/10000 · 6
13 ../../exercises/network.rst:106
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the router located in `Washington` ? 36/10000 · 36
13 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:30
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Each acknowledgment contains `c` bytes of control information 61/10000 · 61
13 ../../glossary.rst:50
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Network is a network that was built by network scientists in USA with funding from the ARPA of the US Ministry of Defense. ARPANET is considered as the grandfather of today's Internet. 228/10000 · 228
13 ../../exercises/transport.rst:111
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the above example, the two `DATA` segments were lost before arriving at the destination. Discuss the following scenario and explain how the receiver should react to the reception of the last `DATA` segment. 209/10000 · 209
13 ../../principles/transport.rst:49
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Bob : `You're welcome` 22/10000 · 22
13 ../../principles/security.rst:179
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — As Mallory receives all the packets sent by both Bob and Alice, he can modify them at will. For example, he could modify the commands sent by Alice to the server managed by Bob and change the responses sent by the server. This type of attack is very powerful and sometimes difficult to counter without relying on advanced cryptographic techniques. 347/10000 · 347
13 ../../exercises/dns.rst:43
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — What are the nameservers that are responsible for the `info` top-level domain ? Is it possible to use IPv6 to query them ? 122/10000 · 122
13 ../../exercises/http.rst:35
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — curl_ supports a huge number of options and parameters that are described in its `man page <https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html>`_ Some of them allow you to force the utilization of a specific version of HTTP. These include `--http0.9`, `--http1.0`, `--http1.1` and `--http2`. Using the latter, verify whether your favorite website supports HTTP/2.0. 353/10000 · 353
13 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:42
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — router ``R3`` uses address ``2001:db8:1341:34::3`` on its East interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:23::3`` on its North-East interface and address ``2001:db8:1341:13::3`` on its North interface 192/10000 · 192
13 ../../exercises/lan.rst:85
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider the network depicted in Fig. 5. Both of the hosts `H0` and `H1` have two interfaces: one connected to the switch `S0` and the other one to the switch `S1`. Will the link between `S0` and `S1` ever be used? If so, under which assumptions? Provide a comprehensive answer. 278/10000 · 278
13 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:143
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider that the AS stub (`AS456`) shown in the figure below decides to advertise two ``/48`` prefixes instead of its allocated ``/47`` prefix. 144/10000 · 144
13 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:186
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In its output, we see that ``r1`` is attached to two different routers. Finally, the ``show ipv6 ospf6 database`` returns the full OSPFv3 database with all the link state information that was distributed by OSPFv3. 214/10000 · 214
13 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:65
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — For this first example, we program packetdrill_ to inject the segments that a client would send. The first step is thus to prepare a :manpage:`socket` that can be used to accept this connection. This socket can be created by using the four system calls below. 259/10000 · 259
13 ../../exercises/trace.rst:82
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — wireshark_ is more recent than tcpdump_. It evolved from the ethereal packet trace analysis software. It can be used as a text tool like tcpdump_. For a TCP connection, wireshark_ can provide almost the same output as tcpdump_. The main advantage of wireshark_ is that it also includes a graphical user interface that allows performing various types of analysis on a packet trace. 380/10000 · 380
13 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:53
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A simple Internet with peering relationships 44/10000 · 44