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18 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:37
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — when there are no losses 24/10000 · 24
18 ../../glossary.rst:214
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — ATM 3/10000 · 3
18 ../../exercises/transport.rst:143
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the transport layer, the receive window advertised by a receiver can vary during the lifetime of the connection. What are the causes for these variations ? 158/10000 · 158
18 ../../principles/sharing.rst:178
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the network above, consider the case where host `A` is transmitting packets to destination `C`. `A` can send one packet per second and its packets will be delivered to `C`. Now, let us explore what happens when host `B` also starts to transmit a packet. Node `R1` will receive two packets that must be forwarded to `R2`. Unfortunately, due to the limited bandwidth on the `R1-R2` link, only one of these two packets can be transmitted. The outcome of the second packet will depend on the available buffers on `R1`. If `R1` has one available buffer, it could store the packet that has not been transmitted on the `R1-R2` link until the link becomes available. If `R1` does not have available buffers, then the packet needs to be discarded. 741/10000 · 741
18 ../../principles/transport.rst:62
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — If Alice wants to enter the meeting room but does not know the password, her conversation could be as follows : 111/10000 · 111
18 ../../protocols/dns.rst:62
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — This answer contains several pieces of information. First, the name `www.ietf.org` is associated to IP address `2001:1890:123a::1:1e`. Second, the `ietf.org` domain is managed by six different nameservers. Five of these nameservers are reachable via IPv4 and IPv6. 264/10000 · 264
18 ../../principles/security.rst:247
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Cryptography techniques have initially been defined and used by spies and armies to exchange secret information in manner that ensures that adversaries cannot decode the information even if they capture the message or the person carrying the message. A wide range of techniques have been defined. The first techniques relied on their secrecy to operate. One of the first encryption schemes is attributed to Julius Caesar. When he sent confidential information to his generals, he would encode each message by replacing each letter with another letter that is :math:`n` positions after this letter in the alphabet. For example, the message `SECRET` becomes `VHFUHW` when encoded using Caesar's cipher. This technique could have puzzled some soldiers during Caesar's wars, but today even young kids can recover the original message from the ciphered one. 852/10000 · 852
18 ../../exercises/dns.rst:53
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Use `dig` to send a query to one of these DNS servers to find the IP address of the DNS server(s) (NS record) responsible for `root-servers.org` 144/10000 · 144
18 ../../exercises/http.rst:55
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The list of available language tags can be found at http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry. Versions in other formats are available at http://www.langtag.net/registries.html. Additional information about the support of multiple languages in Internet protocols may be found in rfc5646_. 303/10000 · 303
18 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:139
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In this network, select `all` the rules in the shown forwarding tables that ensure that the packets sent from ``A`` to ``B`` follow the reverse path of the packets sent by ``B`` to ``A``. 187/10000 · 187
18 ../../exercises/lan.rst:140
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — This network can be launched with the IPMininet_ script shown below. The entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/stp.py`. 153/10000 · 153
18 ../../exercises/routing-policies.rst:163
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A simple network 16/10000 · 16
18 ../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:253
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — This packet is updated when new information is added in the router's OSPFv3 database. A few seconds router, this router sends another Database description packet that announces more information. 194/10000 · 194
18 ../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:98
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The third segment of the three-way handshake is sent by packetdrill_ after a delay of 0.1 seconds. The connection is now established and the accept system call will succeed. 173/10000 · 173
18 ../../exercises/trace.rst:104
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Wireshark : flow graph 22/10000 · 22
18 ../../protocols/bgp.rst:62
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Coming back to the figure above, `AS4` advertises to its two providers `AS1` and `AS2` its own prefixes and the routes learned from its customer, `AS7`. On the other hand, `AS4` advertises to `AS7` all the routes that it knows. 227/10000 · 227
18 ../../protocols/congestion.rst:100
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In today's Internet, congestion is controlled by regularly sending packets at a higher rate than the network capacity. These packets fill the buffers of the routers and are eventually discarded. But shortly after, TCP senders retransmit packets containing exactly the same data. This is potentially a waste of resources since these successive retransmissions consume resources upstream of the router that discards the packets. Packet losses are not the only signal to detect congestion inside the network. An alternative is to allow routers to explicitly indicate their current level of congestion when forwarding packets. This approach was proposed in the late 1980s [RJ1995]_ and used in some networks. Unfortunately, it took almost a decade before the Internet community agreed to consider this approach. In the mean time, a large number of TCP implementations and routers were deployed on the Internet. 906/10000 · 906
18 ../../protocols/dnssec.rst:176
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The simplest way to understand the operation of DNSSEC is to rely on a simple example. Let us consider the `example.org` domain and assume that Alice wants to retrieve the `AAAA` record for `www.example.org` using DNSSEC. 221/10000 · 221
18 ../../protocols/email.rst:105
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the `To:` header line contains the email addresses of the primary recipients of the message [#fto]_. Several addresses can be separated by using commas. 152/10000 · 152
18 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:99
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The first property is a consequence of the utilization of CSMA/CD. The second property is a consequence of the physical organization of the Ethernet network as a shared bus. These two properties are important and all revisions to the Ethernet technology have preserved them. 274/10000 · 274