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18 ../../protocols/ipv6.rst:96
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The IPv6 header has a simple format that can easily be parsed by hardware devices 81/10000 · 81
18 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:14
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The third decision was the frame format. The experimental 3 Mbps Ethernet network built at Xerox used short frames containing 8 bit source and destination addresses fields, a 16 bit type indication, up to 554 bytes of payload and a 16 bit CRC. Using 8 bit addresses was suitable for an experimental network, but it was clearly too small for commercial deployments. Although the initial Ethernet specification [DIX]_ only allowed up to 1024 hosts on an Ethernet network, it also recommended three important changes compared to the networking technologies that were available at that time. The first change was to require each host attached to an Ethernet network to have a globally unique datalink layer address. Until then, datalink layer addresses were manually configured on each host. [DP1981]_ went against that state of the art and noted "`Suitable installation-specific administrative procedures are also needed for assigning numbers to hosts on a network. If a host is moved from one network to another it may be necessary to change its host number if its former number is in use on the new network. This is easier said than done, as each network must have an administrator who must record the continuously changing state of the system (often on a piece of paper tacked to the wall !). It is anticipated that in future office environments, hosts locations will change as often as telephones are changed in present-day offices.`" The second change introduced by Ethernet was to encode each address as a 48 bits field [DP1981]_. 48 bit addresses were huge compared to the networking technologies available in the 1980s, but the huge address space had several advantages [DP1981]_ including the ability to allocate large blocks of addresses to manufacturers. Eventually, other LAN technologies opted for 48 bits addresses as well [IEEE802]_ . The third change introduced by Ethernet was the definition of `broadcast` and `multicast` addresses. The need for `multicast` Ethernet was foreseen in [DP1981]_ and thanks to the size of the addressing space it was possible to reserve a large block of multicast addresses for each manufacturer. 2142/10000 · 2142
18 ../../protocols/routing.rst:60
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The first RIP implementations sent their distance vector exactly every 30 seconds. This worked well in most networks, but some researchers noticed that routers were sometimes overloaded because they were processing too many distance vectors at the same time [FJ1994]_. They collected packet traces in these networks and found that after some time the routers' timers became synchronized, i.e. almost all routers were sending their distance vectors at almost the same time. This synchronization of the transmission times of the distance vectors caused an overload on the routers' CPU but also increased the convergence time of the protocol in some cases. This was mainly due to the fact that all routers set their timers to the same expiration time after having processed the received distance vectors. `Sally Floyd`_ and `Van Jacobson`_ proposed in [FJ1994]_ a simple solution to solve this synchronization problem. Instead of advertising their distance vector exactly after 30 seconds, a router should send its next distance vector after a delay chosen randomly in the [15,45] interval :rfc:`2080`. This randomization of the delays prevents the synchronization that occurs with a fixed delay and is now a recommended practice for protocol designers. 1250/10000 · 1250
18 ../../protocols/rpc.rst:65
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — XDR also supports the definition of unions, structures, ... Additional details are provided in :rfc:`1832`. 107/10000 · 107
18 ../../protocols/ssh.rst:148
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the client can recompute :math:`K=A^{b} \mod p` and verify the signature provided by the server 95/10000 · 95
18 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:44
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the `sequence number` (32 bits), `acknowledgment number` (32 bits) and `window` (16 bits) fields are used to provide a reliable data transfer, using a window-based protocol. In a TCP bytestream, each byte of the stream consumes one sequence number. Their usage is described in more detail in section :ref:`TCPReliable` 318/10000 · 318
18 ../../protocols/tls.rst:46
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — HTTP 4/10000 · 4
18 ../../protocols/transport-service.rst:56
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — IPv6 addresses often contain a long sequence of bits set to `0`. In this case, a compact notation has been defined. With this notation, `::` is used to indicate one or more groups of 16 bits blocks containing only bits set to `0`. For example, 243/10000 · 243
18 ../../protocols/udp.rst:62
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the registered port numbers (officially 1024 <= port < 49152) 61/10000 · 61
18 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:23
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 23 Mbps 7/10000 · 7
18 ../../exercises/network.rst:138
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — In the five nodes network shown above, can you configure the link weights so that the packets sent by router `R5` (resp. `R4`) follow the `R5->R3->R1` path (resp. `R4->R2->R3->R1`) ? 182/10000 · 182
18 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:133
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — The network layer enables hosts to reach each others. However, different communication flows can take place between the same hosts. These communication flows might have different needs (some require reliable delivery, other not) and need to be distinguished. Ensuring an identification of a communication flow between two given hosts is the task of the `transport layer`. `Transport layer` entities exchange `segments`. A segment is a finite sequence of bytes that are transported inside one or more packets. A transport layer entity issues segments (or sometimes part of segments) as `Data.request` to the underlying network layer entity. 639/10000 · 639
19 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:399
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Suppose now that host A uses a window of three segments and sends these three segments immediately. The segments will be queued in the router before being transmitted on the output link and delivered to their destination. The destination will reply with a short acknowledgment segment. A possible visualization of this exchange of packets is represented in the figure below. We assume for this figure that the router marks the packets to indicate congestion as soon as its buffer is non-empty when its receives a packet on its input link. In the figure, a `(c)` sign is added to each packet to indicate that it has been explicitly marked. 638/10000 · 638
19 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:171
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Depending on the socket address family, the operating system might implicitly assign an address to an unbound socket upon a call to ``write``, ``send`` or ``sendto``. While this is a useful behavior, describing it precisely is out of the scope of this section. 260/10000 · 260
19 ../../principles/naming.rst:112
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the nameserver(s) that are responsible for any direct sub-domain of domain `dom` (i.e. `sdom1.dom` and `sdom2.dom` in the figure above, but not `z.sdom1.dom`) 158/10000 · 158
19 ../../principles/network.rst:101
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — the network layer address of the destination host 49/10000 · 49
19 ../../principles/reliability.rst:54
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — 1 Tbps 6/10000 · 6
19 ../../exercises/network.rst:141 • ../../exercises/network.rst:163 • ../../exercises/network.rst:193 • ../../exercises/network.rst:225
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Consider the network shown in the figure below. 47/10000 · 47
19 ../../glossary.rst:216
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — Asynchronous Transfer Mode 26/10000 · 26
19 ../../exercises/transport.rst:145
	English ↹ ↵ NBS … “ ” ‘ ’ ﹙-﹚ ‐ – — A reliable connection-oriented protocol can provide a message-mode service or a byte stream service. Which of the following usages of the sequence numbers is the best suited for each of these services ? 202/10000 · 202