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../../principles/referencemodels.rst:136
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the Application layer
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../../principles/reliability.rst:153
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the `Physical layer service` may deliver `more` bits to the receiver than the bits sent by the sender
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../../principles/transport.rst:72
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`Bell`: `0000111b`
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../../exercises/dns.rst:115
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You may obtain additional information about the root DNS servers from http://www.root-servers.org
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:332
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on router ``R1``
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../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:434
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As in the previous examples, we create the routers and associate one IPv6 prefix to each AS:
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../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:293
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We can use a similar code to demonstrate that the TCP stack performs a fast retransmit after having received three duplicate acknowledgments. This script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/frr.pkt`.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:118
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In practice, to establish a BGP session between routers `R1` and `R2` in the figure above, the network administrator of `AS3` must first configure on `R1` the IP address of `R2` on the `R1-R2` link and the AS number of `R2`. Router `R1` then regularly tries to establish the BGP session with `R2`. `R2` only agrees to establish the BGP session with `R1` once it has been configured with the IP address of `R1` and its AS number. For security reasons, a router never establishes a BGP session that has not been manually configured on the router.
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../../protocols/email.rst:180
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`Content-Type: multipart/mixed`. This header line indicates that the MIME message contains several independent parts. For example, such a message may contain a part in plain text and a binary file.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:174
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10 Mb/s over optical fiber
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../../protocols/http.rst:152
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the `HEAD` method is a variant of the `GET` method that allows the retrieval of the header lines for a given URI without retrieving the entire document. It can be used by a client to verify if a document exists, for instance.
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../../protocols/http2.rst:237
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Detecting whether a server supports HTTP/2.0
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:124
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An IPv6 prefix can be represented as `address/length`, where `length` is the length of the prefix in bits. For example, the three notations below correspond to the same IPv6 prefix :
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:113
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The second physical layer was 10Base2. This physical layer used a thin coaxial cable that was easier to install than the 10Base5 cable, but could not be longer than 185 meters. A 10BaseF physical layer was also defined to transport Ethernet over point-to-point optical links. The major change to the physical layer was the support of twisted pairs in the 10BaseT specification. Twisted pair cables are traditionally used to support the telephone service in office buildings. Most office buildings today are equipped with structured cabling. Several twisted pair cables are installed between any room and a central telecom closet per building or per floor in large buildings. These telecom closets act as concentration points for the telephone service but also for LANs.
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../../protocols/routing.rst:104
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`2001:db8:aaaa:0000::/63` at a distance of `2` from `RA`
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../../protocols/rpc.rst:121
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`message`: a string (limited to one sentence) that provides a short description of the error.
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../../protocols/ssh.rst:260
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HMAC uses two padding strings : `ipad` (resp. `opad`) which is a string containing 20 times byte ``0x36`` (resp. byte ``0x5C``). The HMAC is then computed as :math:`H[K \oplus opad, H(K \oplus ipad, data) ]` where :math:`\oplus` denotes the bitwise XOR operation. This computation has been shown to be stronger than the naive :math:`H(K,data)` against some types of cryptographic attacks.
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:114
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the `sequence number` set to the current value of the 32 bits counter of the client host's TCP entity
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../../protocols/tls.rst:147
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`Protocol version number`: this is the version of the TLS protocol supported by the client. The server should use the same version of the TLS protocol as the client, but may opt for an older version. Both versions 1.2 and 1.3 of TLS are deployed today. Older versions are being deprecated.
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:47
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Most WiFi networks are `infrastructure` networks. An `infrastructure` network contains one or more `access points` that are attached to a fixed Local Area Network (usually an Ethernet network) that is connected to other networks such as the Internet. The figure below shows such a network with two access points and four WiFi devices. Each WiFi device is associated to one access point and uses this access point as a relay to exchange frames with the devices that are associated to another access point or reachable through the LAN.
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