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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:65
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A local area network
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../../protocols/ppp.rst:15
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While SLIP was implemented and used in some environments, it had several limitations discussed in :rfc:`1055`. The `Point-to-Point Protocol` (PPP) was designed shortly after and is specified in :rfc:`1548`. PPP aims to support IP and other network layer protocols over various types of serial lines. PPP is in fact a family of three protocols that are used together :
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../../protocols/ppp.rst:18
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The `Link Control Protocol` that is used to negotiate options and authenticate the session by using username and password or other types of credentials
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../../protocols/routing.rst:21
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The second class of routing protocols are the `interdomain routing protocols` (sometimes also called the exterior gateway protocols or :term:`EGP`). The objective of an interdomain routing protocol is to distribute routing information between domains. For scalability reasons, an interdomain routing protocol must distribute aggregated routing information and considers each domain as a black box.
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../../protocols/rpc.rst:14
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The callee accesses the parameters and performs the requested computation
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../../protocols/ssh.rst:62
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The :term:`ssh` protocol runs directly above the TCP protocol. Once the TCP bytestream has been established, the client and the server exchange messages. The first message exchanged is an ASCII line that announces the version of the protocol and the version of the software implementation used by the client and the server. These two lines are useful when debugging interoperability problems and other issues.
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:18
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Most file transfer protocols ( :term:`ftp`, peer-to-peer file sharing applications , ...)
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../../protocols/tls.rst:41
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Application
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../../protocols/transport-service.rst:15
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The connectionless transport service allows networked application to exchange messages. Several networked applications may be running at the same time on a single host. Each of these applications must be able to exchange SDUs with remote applications. To enable these exchanges of SDUs, each networked application running on a host is identified by the following information :
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../../protocols/udp.rst:17
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Compared to the connectionless network layer service, the main advantage of the UDP service is that it allows several applications running on a host to exchange SDUs with several other applications running on remote hosts. Let us consider two hosts, e.g. a client and a server. The network layer service allows the client to send information to the server, but if an application running on the client wants to contact a particular application running on the server, then an additional addressing mechanism is required other than the IP address that identifies a host, in order to differentiate the application running on a host. This additional addressing is provided by `port numbers`. When a server using UDP is enabled on a host, this server registers a `port number`. This `port number` will be used by the clients to contact the server process via UDP.
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:19
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Standard
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../../bibliography.rst:20
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Abramson, N., `THE ALOHA SYSTEM: another alternative for computer communications <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1478462.1478502>`_. In Proceedings of the November 17-19, 1970, Fall Joint Computer Conference (Houston, Texas, November 17 - 19, 1970). AFIPS '70 (Fall). ACM, New York, NY, 281-285.
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../../glossary.rst:17
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a transmission mode where an information is sent from one source to `one` receiver that belongs to a specified group
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:92
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Consider the following scenario for the ALOHA medium access control algorithm. Three hosts are attached to a one-kilometer long cable and transmit 1000 bits frames at 1 Mbps. Each arrow represents a request to transmit a frame on the corresponding host. Each square represents 250 microseconds in the figure. Represent all the transmitted frames and list the frames that collide.
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../../principles/transport.rst:25
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Networked applications do not exchange random messages. In order to ensure that the server is able to understand the queries sent by a client, and also that the client is able to understand the responses sent by the server, they must both agree on a set of syntactical and semantic rules. These rules define the format of the messages exchanged as well as their ordering. This set of rules is called an application-level `protocol`.
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../../principles/sharing.rst:28
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The second possible physical organization, which is also used inside computers to connect different extension cards, is the bus. In a bus network, all hosts are attached to a shared medium, usually a cable through a single interface. When one host sends an electrical signal on the bus, the signal is received by all hosts attached to the bus. A drawback of bus-based networks is that if the bus is physically cut, then the network is split into two isolated networks. For this reason, bus-based networks are sometimes considered to be difficult to operate and maintain, especially when the cable is long and there are many places where it can break. Such a bus-based topology was used in early Ethernet networks.
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../../principles/security.rst:64
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When analyzing security issues in computer networks, it is useful to reason about the capabilities of the attacker who wants to exploit some breach in the security of the network. There are different types of attackers. Some have generic capabilities, others are specific to a given technology or network protocol. In this section, we discuss some important threats that a network architect must take into account.
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../../exercises/dns.rst:33
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where
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../../exercises/email.rst:16
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Use your preferred email tool to send an email message to yourself containing a single line of text. Most email tools have the ability to show the `source` of the message, use this function to look at the message that you sent and the message that you received. Can you find an explanation for all the lines that have been added to your single line email ?
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../../exercises/http.rst:23
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Can you explain the different headers found in the response ?
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