Exit Zen
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:17
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World wide web ( :term:`HTTP`, ...)
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../../protocols/tls.rst:30
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A TLS session can be initiated in two different ways. First, the application can use a dedicated TCP port number for application layer protocol x-over-TLS. This is the solution used by many HTTP servers that reserve port :math:`443` for HTTP over TLS. This solution works, but it requires to reserve two ports for each application : one where the application-layer protocol is used directly over TCP and another one where the application-layer protocol is used over TLS. Given the limited number of TCP ports that are available, this is not a scalable solution. The table below provides some of the reserved port numbers for application layer protocols on top of TLS.
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../../protocols/transport-service.rst:13
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The connectionless service allows applications to easily exchange messages or Service Data Units. On the Internet, this service is provided by the UDP protocol that will be explained in the next chapter. The connectionless transport service on the Internet is unreliable, but is able to detect transmission errors. This implies that an application will not receive data that has been corrupted due to transmission errors.
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../../protocols/udp.rst:15
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the UDP service will not deliver a corrupted SDU to the destination
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:15
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Today, WiFi is a very popular wireless networking technology. There are more than several hundreds of millions of WiFi devices. The development of this technology started in the late 1980s with the `WaveLAN <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN>`_ proprietary wireless network. WaveLAN operated at 2 Mbps and used different frequency bands in different regions of the world. In the early 1990s, the IEEE_ created the `802.11 working group <http://www.ieee802.org/11/>`_ to standardize a family of wireless network technologies. This working group was very prolific and produced several wireless networking standards that use different frequency ranges and different physical layers. The table below provides a summary of the main 802.11 standards.
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../../bibliography.rst:17
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Androutsellis-Theotokis, S. and Spinellis, D.. .. 2004. `A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1041680.1041681>`_. ACM Computing Surveys 36, 4 (December 2004), 335-371.
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../../index.rst:37
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Part 1: Principles
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../../glossary.rst:15
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anycast
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:66
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In a shared medium, a collision may happen if two hosts transmit at almost the same time as shown in the example below.
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../../exercises/reliability.rst:22
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A version of the Alternating Bit Protocol supporting variable length frames uses a header that contains the following fields :
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../../exercises/network.rst:67
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Routing protocols used in data networks only use positive link weights. What would happen with a distance vector routing protocol in the network below that contains a negative link weight ?
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../../exercises/sockets.rst:102
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A detailed discussion of the socket API is outside the scope of this section and the references cited above provide a detailed discussion of all the details of the socket API. As a starting point, it is interesting to compare the socket API with the service primitives that we have discussed in the previous chapter. Let us first consider the connectionless service that consists of the following two primitives :
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../../exercises/transport.rst:38
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Continue the connection so that `Host B` sends `Hello` as data and `Host A` replies by sending `Pleased to meet you`. After having received the response, `Host B` closes the connection gracefully and `Host A` does the same. Discuss on the state that needs to be maintained inside each host.
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../../principles/naming.rst:19
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The first solution that allowed applications to use names was the :term:`hosts.txt` file. This file is similar to the symbol table found in compiled code. It contains the mapping between the name of each Internet host and its associated address [#fhosts]_. It was maintained by SRI International that coordinated the Network Information Center (NIC). When a new host was connected to the network, the system administrator had to register its name and address at the NIC. The NIC updated the :term:`hosts.txt` file on its server. All Internet hosts regularly retrieved the updated :term:`hosts.txt` file from the SRI_ server. This file was stored at a well-known location on each Internet host (see :rfc:`952`) and networked applications could use it to find the address corresponding to a name.
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../../protocols/dns.rst:26
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The DNS header
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../../principles/security.rst:62
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Threats
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../../exercises/dns.rst:27
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A typical usage of dig is as follows:
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../../exercises/email.rst:13
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Telnet is a protocol that allows to obtain a terminal on a remote server. For this, telnet opens a TCP connection with the remote server on port 23. However, most `telnet` implementations allow the user to specify an alternate port as `telnet hosts port` When used with a port number as parameter, `telnet` opens a TCP connection to the remote host on the specified port. `telnet` can thus be used to test any server using an ASCII-based protocol on top of TCP. Note that if you need to stop a running `telnet` session, ``Ctrl-C`` will not work as it will be sent by `telnet` to the remote host over the TCP connection. On many `telnet` implementations you can type ``Ctrl-]`` to freeze the TCP connection and return to the telnet interface.
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../../exercises/http.rst:22
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Can you explain the different headers placed by curl_ in the request ?
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:31
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Design questions
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